15 Basic Appeals

â€Å"Advertising: 15 Basic Appeals† by Jib Fowles (from â€Å"Mass Advertising As Social Forecast†) 1. Need for sex- surprisingly, Fowles found that only 2 percent of the television ads, he surveyed used this appeal. It may  be too blatant, he concluded, and often detracts from the product. 2. Need for affiliation- the largest number of ads use this approach: you are looking for friendship? Advertisers can also use this negatively, to make you worry that you'll lose friends if you don't use a certain product. 3. Need to nurture- every time you see a puppy or a kitten or a child, the appeal is to your paternal or maternal instincts. . Need for guidance- a father or mother figure can appeal to your desire for someone to care for you, s you won't have to worry. Betty Crocker is a good example. 5. Need to aggress- we all have had a desire to get even, and some ads give you this satisfaction. 6. Need to achieve- the ability to accomplish something difficult and succeed id entifies the product with winning. Sports figures as spokespersons project this image. 7. Need to dominate- the power we lack is what we can look for in a commercial â€Å"master the possibilities. † 8. Need for prominence- we want to be admired and respected; to have high social status.Tasteful china and classic diamonds offer this potential. 9. Need for attention- we want people to notice us; we want to be looked at. Cosmetics are a natural for this approach. 10. Need for autonomy- within a crowded environment, we want to be singled out, to be a â€Å"breed apart. † This can also be used negatively: you may be left out if you don't use a particular product. 11. Need to escape- flight is very appealing; you can imagine adventures you cannot have; the idea of escape is pleasurable. 12. Need to feel safe- to be free from threats, to be secure is the appeal of many insurance and bank ads. 3. Need for aesthetic sensations-beauty attracts us, and classic art or dance makes us feel creative, enhanced. 14. Need to satisfy curiosity-facts support our belief that information is quantifiable and numbers and diagrams make our choices seem scientific. 15. Psychological needs- Fowles defines sex (item no. 1) as a biological need, and so he classifies our need to sleep, eat, and drink in this category. Advertisers for juicy pizza are especially appealing late at night. Source: Media Impact Introduction to Mass Media (4th Ed) Author: Shirley Biagi,   Wadsworth

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Since it's first introduction in the year 1983, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has very rapidly become a fundamental tool for improving the health and human life. PCR was developed by Dr. Kary Mullis, who was at the time working for Cetus Corporation as a chemist. PCR is the quick and efficient method for making unlimited copies of each and every inch of DNA. It can also be adapted to allow amplification of RNA samples as well as DNA samples from any type of organism. PCR is simplified into a 3-step process, which is repeated for 30-40 cycles. The procedure begins with the first step called denaturation. In the phase of denaturation, the structure of the DNA is altered. The double-stranded DNA melts and exposes into two pieces of single-stranded DNA at approximately 94 degrees Celsius. Transitioning into the second step called annealing or in other words, pairing up together. At a temperature of 54 degrees Celsius, the primers cool down and join to the single-stranded DNA or â€Å"template†. The double-stranded DNA then attaches to the polymerase and starts to shoot out copies. Finally during the last stage of the PCR process known as elongation or extension, the polymerase works it's magic. At 72 degrees Celsius the DNA building blocks are paired up with the DNA primers, to create a double-stranded DNA molecule. After all the processes are completed in one cycle round, a single portion of double-stranded DNA is finally enlarged into two separate pieces of double-stranded DNA. However, as the cycles repeat themselves, more and more clones are generated and the number of DNA copies are intensified exponentially. The procedure of doing a PCR is more vital than we may fathom. It has been found to cure and diagnose genetic diseases, locate bacteria and viruses, DNA fingerprinting, study paternity, biological relationships, and human evolution. All in all, PCR has become widely known to biologists, DNA labs, and many other forensics laboratories. PCR is also one of the quickest testing methods to many diseases, for example The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, commonly known as HIV. HIV is a very difficult disease to find and eradicate. The earlier tests depended on the presence of antibodies in the human bloodstream. When performing the antibody test, there may be no results until weeks after exposure to the virus. Nevertheless, when performing a PCR test results appear much faster, and as little as one genome among 50,000 host cells can be easily detected. PCR can efficiently detect the forensics of HIV, rather than the antibodies contained in the blood. The same goes for Tuberculosis, which are also complicated in sampling from patients, PCR tests speed up the results so that precautions may be taken as soon as possible. PCR testing is one of the many ways that can assist in detecting several diseases, and yet PCR is very vital to the human life.

W3 DQs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W3 DQs - Assignment Example China has viewed Taiwan leaders as stubborn although this was not a difficult demand to fulfill, and had considered war on the region as a means of ending the crisis. Once war is accepted as the only solution with respect to this crisis, respect for the majority of citizens in both China and Taiwan are at risk and more so, laws on peace and human rights violations. Offensive trial missiles by both China and Taiwan are arguably among the key attempts to spur out war. This show of military and missile supremacy where each country does so close to the boarders of the other is considered provocative. It is obvious that there is a Despite the numerous suggestions of solutions to this problem, there is continued defiance from both parties. The disarmament law that was formulated after the First World War, which tries to discourage mass accumulation of arms and possibilities of occurrence of war, is at stake. Despite the efforts that the United States has put in to resolve the Taiwan status peacefully, there still exist the challenge posed by international events and political developments in Taipei and Beijing. Not only has these events and developments jeopardized US efforts, but also it has created fresh tension between the US and China as well as Taiwan and the mainland. With a strong economic bond, that joins Taiwan and the mainland, resolving the Taiwan status through war would be the last option for both parties. Romberg has reported increased economic interaction between mainland and Taiwan. Political development in Beijing is traced back in 1996, during the Chinese military exercises and missile tests (Miskel, 4). These tests proved to be unusually close to Taiwan. The tests also seemed to be a show of naval and air operations that China would presumably employ in an invasion of Taiwan. (Romberg, 5) On its part, Taipei is said to have made necessary preparation for possible attacks from the mainland.

Accident investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Accident investigation - Essay Example Furthermore, it acts to fulfil the legal framework and guidelines set aside by the Roads and Safety Department. Lastly, it act to prevent any blame via establishment of the causative agent of the accident, and therefore, mitigating it in case of any occurrence in future. In case of serious cases that my necessitate compensation, a final report is drawn out and forwarded to the insurance firms. The National Transportation Safety Board possess the mandate to conduct investigations to conducting all the civil aviation accidents. Additionally, they do control any release of hazardous materials in the environment in the course of transportation activities. The board has been accused of being quite hazy in implementation of its activities, hence leading to persistent occurrences of accidents. However, there is a need to intensify their investigation activities, both pre and post incident occurrences. The team should work together to prevent any occurrence of accidents by ensuring that no driver is intoxicated with alcohol and other drugs as they drive. The set policies such as speed limits, vehicles maintenance, roads, air, and rail maintenance should undergo regular checks and evaluations to ensure that they are up-to-date. Those caught with dangerous driving should receive heavy fines. Most significantly, the teams dealing with the causes of accident should be rich in skills, so that they may not assume even a single idea leading to the cause of the accident. Adoption of a strategic plan with number of accidents reduction should be in place. All these will aim at ensuring that NTSB remains reactive in the roles (Invest in Transportation,

Project Portfolio Management Concepts Research Paper

Project Portfolio Management Concepts - Research Paper Example His essay shall identify 4 articles that address Project Portfolio management and then evaluate the quality and utility of each. However, the subject matter shall focus on the article considered to be bearing the highest quality and utility. The following 4 articles were chosen for the analysis: How to Implement management of Portfolio within 100 days, Craig Kilford, N.Y: Stationery Office, 2013. Internet resource {http://www.best-management-practice.com/gempdf/How_to_implement_MoP_ONS_Case_Study.pdf} The author of this article, Craig Kilford has worked as an Interim Deputy Director of Portfolio Management in the office for the National Statistics. He is also a regular blogger at www.MrPortfolioManagement.com. He is also a motivational speaker at various business conferences. His achievements in the field of Portfolio invoke the public to catch his writings. In the article ‘How to implement management of Portfolio within 100 days,’ Craig tells the audiences about the doà ¢â‚¬â„¢s and don’ts which they practiced when their organization, the Office for National Statistics intended to implement a Project for managing a Portfolio within a period of a hundred days. He highlights the position of the ONS before the implementation, the journey towards delivering the portfolio, the unit model for delivering the portfolio, the portfolio Governing model and the future of the ONS. Craig also highlights the top 8 requirements that are crucial for the implementation of the Project Portfolio Management within a period of 100 days. Project Portfolio Management, Gartner, N. J: Wiley, 2013. Internet Resource. {http://www.gartner.com/it/content/911400/911412/project_portfolio_mgmt_excerpt.pdf} This article does not highlight the achievement s of the author, but it seem to be focused on its subject matter: Project Portfolio management: A view from the management trenches. The article highlights the features of a successful Project Management Portfolio, the metho ds of optimizing the capacity of an organization, the checkpoints of a good Project Management Portfolio, how to incorporate changes in to a Project Management Portfolio, the Project Management Portfolio tiers, the areas to put up a Project Management Portfolio, the period and reasons when a Project Management Portfolio should be established, the foundational principles and tools for establishing a Project Management Portfolio. The articles targets the business community as its primary audiences, however, the interested public would also find the message to be vital. Project Portfolio Management:Metrics that Work, James C. B., 2012. Internet Resource. {http://www.bw.edu/academics/cpd/forums/Project_Portfolio_Management_March_2011.pdf} There is no clear information about the author, James Brown. Howevr, he is the current manager of the Research Portfolio Managing Officer of the Pionner Hi-Bred International. The article highlights the interests of any Project Portfolio management, th e mandatory contents of a Project Portfolio

Brand Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Brand Analysis - Essay Example After a few years, Starbucks completely redefined the American coffee shops. High priced Brews, Lattes, Moccachinos, Cappuccinos and Frappes awakened the senses of 50 million customers across the globe (Burks, 2009, p.01). The company was formed in 1971, in Seattle. It was an initiative of a group of three friends-Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin and Zev. Initially, the store was named as ‘Starbucks coffee, Tea and Spices’ (Burks, 2009, p.01) and the brand logo depicted a chocolate brown colored two tailed mermaid (Gilbert, 2008, p. 13). Later, the name of the store was changed to ‘Starbucks’ and its logo was re-colored to bright green. Starbucks was initially formed with the motto of selling good coffee with a unique flavor that a regular coffee brand wouldn’t offer. After the company was listed in the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ), the growth of the company accelerated and it opened 16,680 stores across the glob e. Today, it has become a global brand with its footing in 47 countries around the world and its net revenue reaching over $ 10 billion (Burks, 2009, p.06). Most of the consumers associate a brand with its logo, which reminds them of the brand promise that an organization makes. Brand Promise of a company is an attempt to make a promise for the benefits of the customers, conveying it and then delivering the promise through their products or service (Pringle, 2008, p.103). The brand logo should be very distinctive. Either the concept of the logo should be unique or colors used in the logo should be vibrant enough to attract the customers. Starbucks remained true to its vision and its promise to use the best quality beans. Consumers generally prefer Arabica beans over Robusta coffee beans. Arabica coffee accounts for 75% production of coffee beans all over the world (Burks, 2009, p.07). Brand Personality refers to a set of human like attributes associated with a particular brand. Bran d personality enhances the appeal of the brand to the consumers. Most of the consumers associate a brand to a person’s character; it can take the form of an actual person, animated figure or generalized person (Gelder, 2005, p. 41). Coffee consumption in America was not as high as in Scandinavia. From the 1990’s the American coffee market scenario completely changed when Starbuck’s redefined the coffee houses. The European Coffee houses were traditional and had an old charm to it and a warm atmosphere. Starbuck stores were modern and hip, offering variety of coffees including hot and cold beverages, fancy decoration, positive and uplifting environment and an access to Wireless Local Area Network connection (Strehle & Cruickshank, 2004, p.03). They connected with the requirements of customers. As the customer’s taste and preferences change, the company tries hard to introduce new flavors of coffee which suits the taste buds of the consumers (Rakocevic, 201 1, p. 13). Brand Value helps in differentiating between right and wrong. The brand values provide a perspective on how the company is expected to act towards its consumers. When a company expands its network in other countries, the original values are hard to retain because different countries have different cultural values and ethics (Gelder, 2005, p. 37). Starbucks’ success can be attributed to a strategy that focused on different sets of value drivers rather than on three big competitors: 1. Quality instead of quantity; 2. Restaurants instead of grocery stores; 3.Close

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return Assignment

Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return - Assignment Example Table 1 shows the cash inflow expected to be generated and the cash outflow expected to be incurred should the proposed expansion be undertaken. During the first year, the company will incur expenses to finance the purchase of the new plant and equipment costing 5,000,000. It is assumed that this amount will be a one time expense fully incurred during the first year. This report also recognized the need to recognize the investment in research and development already incurred by the company. The rationale behind this is to fully and adequately evaluate the profitability of the project. It should be noted that in order to come up with a proper valuation, the company should account for all the revenues and expenses generated by the project. Thus, it is inclusive of all the expenses incurred to bring the project in operation. Research and development cost of 900,000 should be accounted for because without it, the expansion will be impossible to pursue. During 2005, the amount of 1,800,000 to cover additional working capital expenses is also included in the cash outlay required. However, management also expects that after five years, this amount will be freed up and can be readily used by other projects. Thus, Table 1 also shows that during 2005, the company will be needing 1,800,000 while this amount will be available during 2010. In the case of the overhead costs, this report decided to use the 300,000 per annum as estimated by the project development team advisor. This is deemed appropriate as allocating 50% of the wages is just an estimate. It should also be noted that depreciation expense will not be included in the computation of the NPV because cash flow is not directly affected by the account. As taxes and inflation are excluded in the analysis, tax shield from depreciation will not be considered. The computation for NPV is shown in Table 2. Since the company is using 14% as the required rate of return for the expansion, the cash flows are discounted at the same rate. According to the computation in Table 2, the NPV of the expansion using 14% cost of capital is (403.47). Table 2. Discounted Cash Flow and NPV for Expansion (2005-2010, in thousand) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Inflow/ (Outflow) (8500) 2,040 1,940 2,140 2,140 3,940 Present Value Factor (14%) 1.0000 0.8722 0.7695 0.6750 0.5921 0.5194 Present Value (8500) 1789.4 1492.8 1444.5 1267.0 2046.4 NET PRESE NT VALUE (403.47) Internal Rate of Return The internal rate of return is the cost of capital which equates the net present value of all cash flow to zero. The IRR can be computed by calculating the NPV at different interest rates. Utilizing this method, we come up with Figure 1 which shows that IRR is approximately 12%. Figure 1 . NPV at Different Cost of Capital Question 2. Prepare an informal report for the Board of

Which aspects of McDonald's organisational culture are considered to Dissertation - 1

Which aspects of McDonald's organisational culture are considered to be strong compared to competitors - Dissertation Example Organizational culture is a topic that is well-studied, and it basically means that organizations have a certain set of values and beliefs that are unique to that organization. Because culture needs to be spread, and there must be a method for this method to spread, this is a topic of consideration and is the focus of this paper. In particular, a vision is something that permeates organizations and, if this vision is positive and committed to by the employees of the company, the vision can make the organization great. This vision thus guides the organization, and underpins the culture. Another variable is that of leadership, as leadership has a great effect on organizational culture. Toxic leaders may lead to toxic work environments, so the organizational culture would be adversely affected. Conversely, effective leaders may lead to effective teams, and this would positively affect the organizational culture. The different kinds of leaders, and how these leaders operate, is another f ocus of this paper. Lastly, since McDonald’s is a multinational corporation, the concept of cultural distance must be touched upon. This is another focus. The results sections will extrapolate the data that was found on McDonald’s and relate this data to the information presented in the literature review. Hence, it can be shown why McDonald’s is the dominant player in the fast food market around the world. The literature review is divided into four sections – literature regarding organizational culture in general, followed by literature regarding vision, literature regarding leadership, and literature regarding cultural distance. The research section is next, and describes the kind of research undertaken, which is secondary research, and how the particular topic was researched. Next comes the results, which are tied into the literature found in the literature review. A conclusion tying it all together concludes the paper. Literature Review The Meaning of Organizational Culture Organizational culture is â€Å"the coding of values and deeply-held beliefs that mold an organization's decision patterns, guide its actions, and drive individual behavior† (Dauphinais & Price, 1998, p. 190). An organizational culture is made up of patterns of belief that are rooted in the values, norms and informal activities of the organization (Ivancevich et al., 2008, p. 503). Both members and outsiders are cognizant of a particular organization’s culture, as the organization makes its organizational culture visible (Dauphinais & Price, 1998, p. 190). At the same time, because it is comprised of beliefs, values and attitudes, all intangible qualities, it is subtle and invisible. The culture may be either beneficial or destructive. If based upon a positive vision, which is discussed below, the cultural organization is beneficial to the organization. Alternatively, if the belief system upon which the organizational culture is based is flawed, and does not fit the vision, then it can be destructive and will drive the organization on to mediocrity, not greatness. Moreover, the organizational culture is often driven by the bottom up, as opposed to top down, according to Dauphinais & Price, as the ways that the broad masses of the organization behave dictates the culture of the organization. Therefore, the organizational culture may be created by rewards, measures and â€Å"carefully structured people practices† Vision as a Part of Organizational Culture Part of the organizational culture is the vision that permeates throughout the organization, especially if the organization is strong and is able to have a shared vision. According to Senge (1990), a shared vision is vital for a successful company and should be one of the top priorities. The company’s vision is one to which the people of the organization must commit themselves. Yet, the successful company also realizes that there are thousands of individual vis ions for the companies, or, in the case of McDonald’s, millions of different visions, as each employee may have their

A National PE Curriculum Model or a Program Framework Research Paper

A National PE Curriculum Model or a Program Framework - Research Paper Example SEPEP is distinguished from any other physical education programs mainly by its focus on the staging of a sports tournament. Throughout the program, the students organize and manage the sporting competition. It is expected that they would learn about sports effectively at the same time gain practical and theoretical insights with respect to the roles and dynamics of sports in real life. In this vein, one also recalls the main characteristic and goal of the authentic model, which is to teach sports by creating an authentic setting and experience for learners. Particularly, there is an emphasis on the diversity of roles. The authentic model makes sure that students do not merely participate as players but also take the role of referee, scorekeepers, record takers, performance reporters, coach and team managers. The main difference, however, is that the SEPEP framework is broader for the students with the added responsibility of having to organize the sporting event itself. This is part icularly important especially when one takes into account a recognized theory that, in order for physical education to be effective – that it exerts a meaningful impact to the students’ life - it must be taught within the social context as enacted in the community (Burrows, Macdonald & Wright, p. 64). The idea is that students are in a better position to learn concepts such as teamwork, fitness and fair play, among others. The SEPEP as teaching framework is an interesting model. It entails a different approach with respect to the teacher and the students; roles.

Sonnys Blues Essay Example for Free

Sonnys Blues Essay James Baldwins fictional story, Sonnys Blues, is a short tale between two brothers who grew up in Harlem a place where drugs are known to destroy lives of many young people. The narrators brother, Sonny, is one of those young people addicted to drugs and the narrator got the news that his brother was imprisoned for illegal possession of heroin. Even though the narrator became worried about his brothers bleak future because of drug addiction, the narrator did not reconcile with his brother until the death of his daughter. With this turn of events, the narrator reunited with his brother through letters and finally upon Sonnys freedom from prison. The narrator remembered his mothers last will for him to take care and look after his younger brother, which he was not able to do. This memory and their conversations helped the narrator understand Sonnys perception of life. Even though he and Sonny were very different, the narrator finally understood Sonny as he played his jazz music that described his deep emotions and blues (Baldwin 1-25). Character The narrator is Sonnys unnamed older brother who is a high school teacher in Harlem. His character is very much the opposite of Sonnys. Despite the more common ill-fated living in Harlem, the narrator is a successful man as shown in his occupation and family. However, he is a failure in terms of looking after his brother as his mother had wished before death. On the other hand, Sonny is a musically inclined person who resorted to drugs in order to keep himself from being overwhelmed by the suffering in his surroundings. His contrasting personality from his brother also built the gap and separation between them. Unlike his brother, Sonny was not able effectively cope with his situation that led to his faulty decisions in life. However, all his angsts, angers, and other deep emotions were expressed passionately through his music. Theme The theme of the fictional story revolved around the concept of love between brothers. The narrator and Sonny are brothers who were separated by their differences. However, the meaning of the story tells the readers that no matter how different brothers are, they are obligated to love each other. This can be shown by supporting and understanding each other and seeing through their differences. Brotherly love is also illustrated by not killing the hope that a misguided or misled brother can find his way back, in this case, through Sonnys music. Conflict, Crisis, Resolution The conflict in the story revolved around the narrators doubt about Sonnys capacity for change. Many times over, the narrator did not trust that Sonny can change for the better, hence he did not put much effort in understanding his brother. Even though the narrator did not explicitly show this, Sonny was able to feel the doubt from the narrator and other people around him though he did not express his feelings. The turning point that bridged the gap between the two brothers was when the narrator remembered his promise to his mother to look after his brother. Hence, when Sonny poured out his feelings in his music, the narrator was finally able to understand and accept his brother. Point of View The story is told in the first person through the point of view of the narrator who is a main character in the story. The narrator is the older brother of Sonny who began narrating the story by saying, â€Å"I read about it in the paper, in the subway, on my way to work. I read it, and I couldnt believe it, and I read it again† (Baldwin 1). The use of the first person, I, suggests that the focus of telling the story is through the eyes of the narrator. This means that all revelations and emotions are told to the readers as the narrator perceives them from other characters. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Sonnys Blues†. Web. 6 July 2010

Methods Of Electricity Production Engineering Essay

Methods Of Electricity Production Engineering Essay Electricity plays a major part in our society today. It is used in our hospitals, in our banks, in our homes, and in our cars. No matter what we do, we couldnt live without it. But all this electricity doesnt just appear at when we need it, we must create it. All over the world, there is millions of electricity generating stations. Some of these are small, others huge. Some of the stations run on the power of fire and steam, while others run on the power of the wind or falling water. Some even use the power of the sun alone to generate electricity. But with so many different ways to produce electricity, how do we know which ways are the most efficient and the most environmentally effective? Task 2 Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon that occurs when a magnetic field intersects a piece of metal, most commonly a piece of wire, which can be affected by magnets. The most common method to induce is to create a magnetic field in such a way that the field intersects a coil of wire. This can be done in multiple ways, although the main two ways are to either pass a magnet through the center of a coil of wire, or to move a coil of wire in a magnetic field. However, if both the coil of wire and the magnet are both stationary, no electric current will be produced. The circuit must also be closed for a current to flow. The most efficient way to produce a current is to rotate a coil in a magnetic field. There is three ways that the amount of power generated by electromagnetic magnetic induction can be increased: Increasing the strength of the magnetic field. Increasing the amount of turns in the coil that is being affected by the magnetic field. Increasing the speed at which the magnetic field intersects the coil. In most power stations however, the generators used spin the magnets, or in most cases, electromagnets, around the wire. This enables a greater amount of coils to be used without the need to rotate a greater mass. The stations use turbines to rotate the magnets or coils. To rotate the turbines, a power source is needed. There are four main power sources that are used: Coal Burning Coal burning power stations use coal that has been mined out of the earth. This coal is burnt to create heat. The heat makes water evaporate into steam. As the steam rises, it hits rotors which spin the turbines. Nuclear Reactions Nuclear reactors work in somewhat the same way as a coal burning power station. These power stations use the power of a nuclear reaction to create the heat needed to boil the water that then turns to steam, which then turns the turbines. When the water is heated however, it becomes radioactive. This means that the water must be kept in a separate chamber to the water that will turn to steam. The radioactive water heats the clean water by means of conduction. Wind Wind farms, as they are commonly called, use the power of the wind to rotate massive rotor blades. These rotor blades turn a shaft that is connected to a generator, thus producing electricity. Gravity The most common of power stations that utilize gravity are called hydro power stations. These use falling water to turn the turbines at the base of a mountain. As the water comes down the mountain, it is pulled by the force of gravity, making it travel at high speeds, which turns the turbines faster, which makes more electricity. Another power source that is used to create electricity is the energy produced from the Sun. Solar panels collect solar radiation from the sun and actively converts that energy to electricity. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells. These solar cells function similarly to large semiconductors and utilize a large-area junction diode. When the solar cells are exposed to sunlight, the junction diodes convert the energy from sunlight into usable electrical energy. The energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their orbits and released, and electric fields in the solar cells pull these free electrons in a directional current, from which metal contacts in the solar cell can generate electricity. The conversion of sunlight to usable electrical energy is called the Photovoltaic Effect. After the electricity has been generated, it needs to be transmitted around the country. When electricity passes through a wire, some of the energy is lost as heat energy. In small devices, this is generally ignored because the wires are short enough for the energy that is lost as heat to be quite minimal. When the length of the wire increases, the amount of energy that is lost as heat also increases. This can be a problem when the wires are spanning thousands of kilometers. The reason for the lost of energy as heat is because of the current. This means that current is proportional to heat lost. Since this is the case, if the current is dropped to almost zero, then the energy lost as heat will also drop to almost zero. This can be done with the use of transformers. Transformers work on the law of magnetic induction. This is done by passing a magnetic field through a primary coil of wire. The magnetic field produced by the current can be used to create a current in a secondary coil. If there is twice the amount of coils in the secondary coil as there is in the primary coil. The current will be halved and vice versa. When the current is lowered, the process is transformed is referred to as a step-up transformer, and when the current is doubled, it is a step-down transformer. When the current is changed, the voltage is also changed. This is because current is inversely proportion to the voltage. This means if the current is halved, the voltage is doubled. This means when a step-up transformer halves the current, it doubles the voltage. To get the current as low as possible, the current must be brought up to around two hundred and twenty thousand volts. Task 3 Aim: To research the amount of energy three different types of power plants produce and compare their environmental impacts. Method: Three main power plants from within the state of Queensland were chosen to be examined. The plants chosen were; Tarong coal burning power plant, Wivenhoe hydroelectric power station, and the Hillcrest Christian College solar panel power plant. Research on these specific power plants was completed by using in-class and as homework. When all the needed research was acquired, the data was examined and a conclusion was drawn on which plant provided the most power, which plant was the most environmentally friendly, and which plant had the least intensity+. Results: Three sets of data have been collected: Tarong Power Station*# Date Tons CO2 MWh Energy Intensity 2000 9,196,047 7,913,802 2,324 2010 9,841,752 8,523,634 2,309 2020 9,956,845 8,633,139 2,307 Wivenhoe Power Station*#^ Date Tons CO2 MWh Energy Intensity 2000 0 1,052,437 0 2010 0 973,419 0 2020 603,438 2,109,812 572 Hillcrest Power Plant Date Tons CO2 MWh Energy Intensity 1-Jul-09 0 0.5353 0 1-Aug-09 0 0.7521 0 1-Sep-09 0 0.8029 0 1-Oct-09 0 0.7752 0 1-Nov-09 0 0.7237 0 1-Dec-09 0 0.6808 0 1-Jan-10 0 0.7036 0 1-Feb-10 0 0.5804 0 2009/2010 (Average) 0 0.69425 0 +: Pounds of CO2 emitted per megawatt-hour of electricity produced. *: The data collected also was coupled with a projected output for the next decade ^: The power station plans on a future upgrade that will produce carbon pollution #: Average decade output This data was put in the corresponding tables for comparison. Discussion: By looking at the data above it two main points can be made: Energy Output When the Tarong and Wivenhoe power stations are compared, it can be observed that the Tarong coal burning station produces a far larger amount of energy. It must be kept in mind that the Tarong station is a far larger station when compared to either of the other to stations examined, with the Tarong station having a maximum power output of over 1400MW, where as the Wivenhoe station has a maximum power output of only 500MW, and the Hillcrest plants power output depends on the intensity of the sunlight it receives. Even if the maximum output for the Wivenhoe station was over three times the size, putting the maximum output to 1500MW, theoretically, it would still be producing less energy than the Tarong station. It would also be highly unfeasible to achieve the same energy output with the Hillcrest plant as the maximum power output would have to be increased by at least sixteen million times. This puts the Tarong coal burning station as the most economically effective power station out of the three. CO2 Emissions At the current date, both the Wivenhoe station and the Hillcrest plant are producing no carbon emissions at all, where as the Tarong station is producing a very high amount of CO2. This puts the Wivenhoe station and the Hillcrest plant on equal ground in this aspect. In the future however, the Wivenhoe station is planning on installing upgrades to their station which, presumably, will force the plant to start giving off CO2 emissions. Up until these upgrades are made, the two stations are on the same level with CO2 emissions, but as soon as the upgrades are made, the Hillcrest solar power plant will be the most environmentally effective out of the three stations researched. Even though all the power stations that were examined are the few main ways that energy is generated in our current society, there are many other ways that the energy that we use gets generated. These consist of power stations that use means of; Biomass energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, tidal energy, combustion energy. These ways are examined in more depth below: Biomass Energy Biomass energy uses the biodegradable waste products of our everyday lives, such as plant waste or animal matter, to create either a thermal or chemical conversion. During these conversions, the matter undergoes chemical reactions that produce either heat or other chemicals that can be used in other items. This method of green energy is very environmentally friendly as it takes the form of what typically happens in our natural world, decomposition for example. Wind Energy The use of giant propellers to catch the force of the wind and use that force to turn a generator is the way wind turbines work. In theory the idea of using the power of something as ambient and as reliable as the wind is one of the most environmentally friendly methods to create electricity that is around. This is because there is no byproducts of any sort and the wind that is used can never be depleted. The major problem with using this as an energy source is the strength of wind needed to spin the propellers. This is because although there is wind everywhere in our world, the strength of this wind, on the most part, is not always strong enough to rotate the propellers due to their immense weight. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is one of the most dangerous forms of generating energy that we have in our current society. When it is harnessed properly and efficiently, it is also one of our most effective ways of producing energy. The basic concept of a nuclear reactor is similar to that of a coal burning station, to create heat to make steam to turn turbines. One major downfall with these power stations is the waste the produce. This waste is not CO2, but is radioactive waste that, if dispersed of correctly, would provide our society with a clean and efficient way to generate power, although this is not the case in the present time. Until there is a way to dispose of the nuclear waste efficiently, nuclear power will not become our primary source of power. Tidal Energy Tidal energy is a form of hydro power that converts the energy of the tides into a useable form of energy. Although this method is not widely used, it has great potential for the future of power generation. This is because the tides are far more predictable than the wind and solar energy. Tides are so predictable in fact; that we can tell exactly what they will be doing in two hundred years. The principle behind tidal power is the same as that of wind power. Underwater propellers are used to capture the energy of the flowing water, which is then converted to power by large turbines. This form of energy is just as clean as wind energy, but also has the additional benefit of not creating a poor spectacle as most of the generator is hidden underwater, instead of out in the open. Combustion Energy Also called mechanical energy, this is the act of using natural gasses or conventional fuels to power a combustion engine which then is used to rotate a turbine. This method is most commonly seen in small or backup generators that are made for private or commercial use. Two side effects of this type of energy is the noise that is made during combustion, and the byproduct of CO2. On the most part, these generators are used mainly in the form of small, portable types. This is because the forces that would need to be dealt with on a large scale generator are quite large and can be potentially hazardous. Task 4 Conclusion: When all the data is examined, hydroelectric power stations proved to be not only the most environmentally safe, equal with solar power, producing zero CO2 emissions, but it also was able to decent a fair amount of power. Even though the coal burning power station produced a lot more power, almost an eightfold on what hydro station produced, the hydro station produced zero percent of the emissions that the coal burning station did. In this respect, if the hydro station was to be increased to eight times its current size, theoretically, our society would be provided with more energy than the coal burning station produced, along with no emissions or byproducts. In contrast, the solar power plant also gave off no emissions, although the amount power produced was quite unsubstantial in comparison. As discussed earlier, the solar power plant would have to create eighteen times the amount of energy that it currently is producing to be a contender in power generation, but doing this would m ean that the size of area needed would be on the same scale of increase. This is feasible in terms of installing solar panels on every roof in our major cities for example, although the costs of doing such a thing would be far greater than that of upgrading the hydro power plant. It is recommended that the use of hydroelectric power stations is continued and their usage is increased. This is not only a one of the more environmentally friendly types of renewable energy, but it is also one of the more reliable according to the research completed. This method does not produce byproducts of any kind and does not make waste of any of the resources used in the production of power that is generated.

Coming into Language by Jimmy Santiago Baca :: Coming into Language

Is it possible to make vital life changes to become a better person at heart? Who’s the one that can help you? The only person that will get you up on your feet is yourself, and you have to believe deeply to make those changes. In this essay there are many main points that are being brought across to explain the problems and wisdom that arose from Baca’s life as an inmate. It talks about how he was grown up into an adult and the tragedies that he had to face in order to become one. Later I fallow steps that lead to the purpose and rhetorical appeals of Baca’s essay. The purpose dealt with the cause and effect piece and problem/ solution structure. For this specific essay that I read it is based on the effects of language and its values. I happened to read the essay called, â€Å"Coming into Language,† by a convict named Jimmy Santiago Baca. He was born in 1952 as an Apache Indian with a Chicano relation. Ever since Jim was a young individual he has been in and out of jail and roamed the streets before knowing the basics of right and wrong. From an early age he didn’t ever get a chance to read or understand writings. Because of his poor upbringing he wasn’t able to gain access to knowledge, and did not know that dropping out of the 9th grade could hurt the rest of his life. In the essay, Baca mainly focused on writing the essay to explain his values and beliefs. I believe that Baca wanted to bring his thoughts across to the Chicano decent and to other jail inmates who didn’t understand their upbringings as well. There is clear reasoning for this, stated in the essay it mentions when Baca started sh owing the Chicano’s and other prisoners, they too were building an interest. The main purpose of this essay is to show that people can change and make a difference. From a person who was given nothing, and dealt with misery for his first half of his life was able to learn to read and write (then later on learned to write poems.) In Baca’s writing style for this piece was a cause/effect and problem/solution. Throughout his writing he mentions how he wasn’t the smartest person, and didn’t even learn the importance of schooling.

A Global Perspective on Schooling :: Education Technology Essays

A Global Perspective on Schooling Universities and colleges across the country, as well as the world, have one goal. This goal is to educate citizens to the best of their ability. Although they all have the same objective, each of these schools has a different approach from all the others. One aspect of education that is constantly changing is technology. These changes can occur from school to school, or within a specific school. I have chosen to research and compare the different approaches of several universities from both the United States and throughout the world. This paper discusses the schools I have chosen to research, the variety of majors available at these schools, and how technology is presented in the schools. The United States is a very diverse country regarding both its people and its education styles. The State University of New York College at Fredonia, University of South Carolina, Utah State University and the University of California Davis are four very different schools within our country. The College of the Bahamas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Qatar, and Kazan State University are also very diverse schools located throughout the world. Although these schools were chosen to sample techniques used with technology, this is an extremely small sampling of what is available to students all over the world. SUNY Fredonia, located in Fredonia, NY is a college that offers many degree options and is very culturally diverse. The website itself is somewhat plain, but as we all know from the Penn State website, many things lie hidden within. I believe that I would not have know about many of these things if I hadn’t been a student at Fredonia State at one point. This site has a search engine that allows the user to search for educators, students, degree programs, and student life to name a few. The University of South Carolina in Columbia, SC has an interesting website that draws the user in. This site, once again, has a search engine and allows the user to choose from several areas of interest. There is also a specific link to Technology Resources that leads to several other technology related issues. The University of California Davis, in Davis, CA, has a businesslike appearance to its website. Their main objective is to get across the importance of academics. On a secondary page I found a link to Information and Educational Technology. On this page the user will find information on computer rooms, computing accounts, security, technical support and training.

In Contempt By Christopher Darden: A Review :: essays research papers

In Contempt by Christopher Darden: A Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report is based upon the book In Contempt, written by Christopher A. Darden with Jess Walter. This book is published by Regan Books an imprint of Harper Collins Publishers and is copyrighted 1996 by Christopher A. Darden. Introduction of the Author   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book In Contempt was written by Christopher A. Darden. Chris Darden is famous for being one of the prosecuting attorneys in the court case, The People vs. Simpson. He has worked hard his whole life to reach the status he has now achieved. He proved to America that even though he wasn't a high-priced private lawyer that he could present a well-thought out and planned case under tremendous pressure he and the other prosecutors had to endure during the Simpson case. Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found this book to be very well thought out and well written. Most people would assume that this book was written with the intentions of making a quick-buck off the misfortune of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. I, however, do not believe this to be true. The way that he speaks of the victims in the book, and the way he spoke of them before and after the trial shows that he really cared about the lives of these people that he didn't even know. He even went as far as to say in the book that this was the first case that affected him personally and emotionally. As one may expect the majority of this book is taken up with the Simpson case but, chapters two through six detail his life from birth, his childhood in a working class district of Richmond, California, and becoming a district attorney of Los Angeles in 1981. Chapters two and three mostly consist of stories of him and his brother, Michael, stealing from local stores or his brothers drug deals. When Michael hit his mid-teens hestarted selling marijuana off the front porch of the house and Chris was his lookout. In return, he was told that he would be cut in on the action (but never was). No matter what, Michael always told Chris never to use drugs. Throughout the book Chris Darden refers to his brother as a good role model for him no matter what he did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel the purpose of Chris Darden writing this book is to try to show the hardships he had to go through as a black man trying to become a lawyer. Also I feel that he is trying to reveal the truth behind what was happening in the Simpson case. Body of the Review In Contempt By Christopher Darden: A Review :: essays research papers In Contempt by Christopher Darden: A Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report is based upon the book In Contempt, written by Christopher A. Darden with Jess Walter. This book is published by Regan Books an imprint of Harper Collins Publishers and is copyrighted 1996 by Christopher A. Darden. Introduction of the Author   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book In Contempt was written by Christopher A. Darden. Chris Darden is famous for being one of the prosecuting attorneys in the court case, The People vs. Simpson. He has worked hard his whole life to reach the status he has now achieved. He proved to America that even though he wasn't a high-priced private lawyer that he could present a well-thought out and planned case under tremendous pressure he and the other prosecutors had to endure during the Simpson case. Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found this book to be very well thought out and well written. Most people would assume that this book was written with the intentions of making a quick-buck off the misfortune of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. I, however, do not believe this to be true. The way that he speaks of the victims in the book, and the way he spoke of them before and after the trial shows that he really cared about the lives of these people that he didn't even know. He even went as far as to say in the book that this was the first case that affected him personally and emotionally. As one may expect the majority of this book is taken up with the Simpson case but, chapters two through six detail his life from birth, his childhood in a working class district of Richmond, California, and becoming a district attorney of Los Angeles in 1981. Chapters two and three mostly consist of stories of him and his brother, Michael, stealing from local stores or his brothers drug deals. When Michael hit his mid-teens hestarted selling marijuana off the front porch of the house and Chris was his lookout. In return, he was told that he would be cut in on the action (but never was). No matter what, Michael always told Chris never to use drugs. Throughout the book Chris Darden refers to his brother as a good role model for him no matter what he did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel the purpose of Chris Darden writing this book is to try to show the hardships he had to go through as a black man trying to become a lawyer. Also I feel that he is trying to reveal the truth behind what was happening in the Simpson case. Body of the Review

Bcg Matix

Placing products in the BCG matrix results in 4 categories in a portfolio of a company: BCG STARS (high growth, high market share) – Stars are defined by having high market share in a growing market. – Stars are the leaders in the business but still need a lot of support for promotion a placement. – If market share is kept, Stars are likely to grow into cash cows. BCG QUESTION MARKS (high growth, low market share) – These products are in growing markets but have low market share. – Question marks are essentially new products where buyers have yet to discover them. – The marketing strategy is to get markets to adopt these products. Question marks have high demands and low returns due to low market share. – These products need to increase their market share quickly or they become dogs. – The best way to handle Question marks is to either invest heavily in them to gain market share or to sell them.BCG CASH COWS (low growth, high ma rket share) – Cash cows are in a position of high market share in a mature market. – If competitive advantage has been achieved, cash cows have high profit margins and generate a lot of cash flow. – Because of the low growth, promotion and placement investments are low. Investments into supporting infrastructure can improve efficiency and increase cash flow more. – Cash cows are the products that businesses strive for. BCG DOGS (low growth, low market share) – Dogs are in low growth markets and have low market share. – Dogs should be avoided and minimized. – Expensive turn-around plans usually do not help. And now, let's put all this into a picture: Main Steps of BCG Matrix * Identifying and dividing a company into SBU. * Assessing and comparing the prospects of each SBU according to two criteria : 1. SBU’S relative market share. 2. Growth rate OF SBU’S industry. Classifying the SBU’S on the basis of BCG matrix.* Developing strategic objectives for each SBU. Benefits * BCG MATRIX is simple and easy to understand. * It helps you to quickly and simply screen the opportunities open to you, and helps you think about how you can make the most of them. * It is used to identify how corporate cash resources can best be used to maximize a company’s future growth and profitable too Limitations * BCG MATRIX uses only two dimensions, Relative market share and market growth rate. * Problems of getting data on market share and market growth. High market share does not mean profits all the time. * Business with low market share can be profitable too BCG analysis Unilever MISSION STATEMENT * Unilever's mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. From sumptuous soups to sensuous soaps, our products all have one thing in common. They help you get more out of life. Brands C ooking & eating Let our culinary experts bring pleasure to your palate. Healthy living Let us make the healthy choice your easy choice. Beauty & styleWe want to help you feel good about yourself. Around the house Hints to make your household chores that little more manageable. BCG Analysis Chart for Unilever Portfolio Cash Cows Stars Products Question Marks Dog Products Decisions after Analyses BCG * Build Market Share: Make further investments (for example, to maintain Star status, or turn a Question Mark into a Star) * Hold: Maintain the status quo (do nothing) * Reduce the investment (enjoy positive cash flow and maximize profits from a Star or Cash Cow) * Get rid of the Dogs, and use the capital to invest in Stars and some Question Marks.

Consumer Buying Behavior Comparison in Marketing Strategies Essay

In order to help creating new offerings, improving communication, organizing delivery and, eventually, increasing the sale. It is important to understand the consumer buying behavior from situational, personality and social aspects. This paper will briefly discuss the marketing strategies of two giant retail department stores, Walmart and Macy’s, in terms of customer buying behaviors. Macy’s atmospheric settings provide strong stimuli for its customers. First, every season, Macy’s puts up different window showcases to demonstrate its classic and artistic tastes. Also, different ambient colors are used in its shopping environment. These seasonal changes should be able to boost the sale of the fashion apparel. Secondly, Macy’s decorates different themes for different holidays, such as Easter, Mother’s day, Halloween, Christmas, etc. the gift shopping behaviors are likely induced by these themes. Thirdly, Macy’s always plays a comfort and light background music, customers would spend more time into shopping with a good mood as the text points out:† People’s moods temporarily affect their spending patterns† (Tanner, J., Raymond, M. & Schuster, C, 2001) On the other hand, it seems that Walmart pays a lot of attention to the shoppers’ personality factors. First, Walmart concentrates on the idea of â€Å"money saving†. Walking into a Walmart, the â€Å"Rollback† tags with two comparing prices are everywhere. The economical shoppers would compare more on the prices. Secondly, customers who prefer one stop shopping might find that Walmart, with its stock of food, toy, auto parts, etc, is more convenient than other shopping centers. Thirdly, Walmart shelves â€Å"as seen on TV† items and dollar items along the cashier to affect the shopping decisions. While waiting in the checkout line, customers are likely to pick up these items as they are categorized as low-involvement products. Moreover, social factors are also well considered by these two retail giants. In terms of social class, Macy’s focuses more on the middle-class families whereas Walmart targets on the customers with standard income. Wal-Mart exclusives have a mean household income of about $57K (Scarborough Research, 2005). Also, the products, Walmart is selling, represent the main stream of a geographical culture whereas Macy’s might satisfy some groups with special subculture interests such as high-end golf clubs or perfumes. In sum, consumer buying behavior is a very important element in the marketing strategies of a company. Situational, personality and social factors will influence the consumer buying behavior dramatically.

Do You Believe in Miracles

Ami Denman Dr. Anderson Phil 1043 4/26/13 Do You Believe In Miracles? Do you believe in miracles? I find it rather intriguing that some people still try to use science or any number of other disciplines as a way of explaining, give meaning or rationalizing the question of miracles or the existence of a higher power.I find it hard to understand why humans deny at least the possibility that everyday life presents us with mysteries that cannot simply be explained by human reasoning, rational explanations, the laws of science, or by the laws of nature, but instead just simply acknowledge that some things are unexplainable or justifiable and just miraculous.Although the belief in miracles have seemly been acknowledged as factual for centuries in works such as the Bible, many philosophers and scientists still question the validity of a miraculous event or experience and refuse to ascribe to the reasonable explanation that some things in the natural world cannot be proved by the method of s cience and are explicitly miraculous. A miracle can be de? ned by Hume as a ? transgression of a law of nature by the violation of a particular deity or invisible agent?.For scholars such as Maurice Wiles, Alastair McKinnon, and Steven Bayne a miracle can never occur because the actual concept of a miracle is incoherent. Bayne states, â€Å"Given Hume’s view on the nature of belief and belief production, it seems†¦that we should begin not by asking whether belief in a miracle can be rationally justified, but by asking whether a belief in a miracle is even possible. † However, I will aim to demonstrate why miracles can occur because ultimately the de? nition of miracles put forward by David Hume is archaic and irrelevant to today’s society.David Hume proposed a theoretical and practical case for why it is impossible for one ever to know if a miracle has occurred. His theoretical case begins by stating that all our knowledge comes from sensory experience and empirical evidence and the only proof for a miracle is its testimony. The probability that this is incorrect due to the witness being deluded or unreliable is much greater than the probability that a miracle has actually occurred, that is that the laws of nature have been violated.For this reason it seems clear that a miracle can never occur because the chance of the testimony being incorrect will always be greater than the laws of nature being wrong. For Hume ? a wise man proportions his beliefs?. There are several problems with this proposition, which demonstrate why Hume is incorrect, and miracles do actually occur. The ? rst is that his theory is founded upon Newtonian laws of nature and thus he argues that laws of nature are absolute and ? xed. However, works of Einstein have showed that laws of nature are in fact not absolute and ? ed and much of Newton? s work is to be doubted upon. Furthermore, quantum mechanics has shown that actually laws of nature don? t always have regul arity the study of particles on such a detailed level has shown that movement in the particles is random. The implications of these discoveries in science have meant that theories such as Hume, which base themselves on Newtonian laws, are also invalid like Newton’s work. Miracles can then occur and cannot be explained by science like quantum mechanics.However, there are not just problems for skeptics and scientists with accepting the existence of miracles. Maurice Wiles an American theologian suggested that if we accept miracles then we are lead to the conclusion that God is arbitrary and partisan therefore not a morally good God. Wiles says that this is unlikely, it is more likely that God is morally good and chooses not to intervene. He states that the only intervention God has in the world is creation and now sustaining his creation.Wiles on these grounds reject the notion of a miracle and suggests that they can never occur. What Wiles fails to realize is that God is not h uman, he is a being out of this world with characteristics possessed by no humans and so it is not necessary that this dilemma can be applied to him. As St Augustine said God is beyond human reasoning and it not necessarily that we will understand him or his behavior fully. Also, what Wiles is saying contradicts belief which has been around for over 2,000 years.It seems more likely that Wiles is incorrect than all the philosopher and theologians who predeceased him. For this reason, we can reject Wiles? argument and believe that miracles do actually occur. Swinburne, nevertheless, attempts to answer Wiles? dilemma. He gives that analogy of a child and parent relationship. Just like a parent keeps rules and expects the child to follow them, now and again the parent may agree to break the rules if for example a child pleads a lot. The same way God may violate the laws of nature if he so feels that it is logical.This is a credible suggestion for God? s apparent arbitrary and partisan n ature because religious scripture can be used to back up the belief that a parent and child relationship is analogous to the relationship between us and God and it makes sense. Furthermore, if God decided to constantly perform miracles there would be no such thing as faith and judgement because everyone would believe in God. We would not even make advancements because we would be so reliant on God? s intervention.This suggestions show that there may be other reasons to why God intervenes in such an â€Å"arbitrary and partisan† fashion. Alastair McKinnon went one-step ahead of Hume and stated that miracles are impossible because the concept of a miracle is incoherent. McKinnon begins by de? ning a law of nature, for McKinnon a law of nature is a descriptive sentence which describes a course of event for example, if I drop my pen and say gravity has caused my pen to fall on the ground, I am just describing what happened and nothing more than that.McKinnon goes onto question ho w can one then say miracles, which are violations of laws of nature, occur. It is impossible to suggest that a course events could be violated. McKinnon therefore concludes that the existence of miracles is impossible. McKinnon’s view on this topic is not a popular one and this is because he rests his case in the belief that laws of nature are merely descriptive. Most scholars and nearly all scientists would disagree and explain that a law of nature is more than that, a law of nature explains how things occur nd make predictions and thus it seems perfectly logical for this to be violated, hence miracles to occur. Another problem with all of the arguments explored in this essay is that they seems to categorize miracles are natural events yet there is no proof for that. Miracles may actually be supernatural events caused by something out of this and again leading to the possibility that miracles can occur. My position and the scholarly views presented have been built on the fou ndation that a miracle is a violation of a law of nature when actually this may not be true. The de? ition proposed by Hume suggests we have some kind of God of the gaps that where science cannot be used to explain something we use God when actually in our modern world a miracle is not looked at in terms of the laws of nature it has violated and probability. For most people a miracle is an event which holds religious signi? cance. This de? nition was put forward by R. F. Holland and P. Tillich and seems to be much more realistic. It can be conceived then that miracles can occur because at the end of it Hume? s de? nition of a miracle is outdated and not a clear representation of how people understand miracles today.A miracle is any event whether it breaks the laws of nature or not but holds religious signi? cance for the individual. Bibliography Anghel. Alexandru. â€Å"Hume On Miracles and the Lourdes Phenomenon†. Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies 4. 6(2012):25-32. Ac ademic Search Complete. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Are Miracles Identifiable? † Web. 10 Apr. 2013. www. thywordistruth. com/Miracles/miracles. pdf Bayne, Steven M. â€Å"Hume On Miracles: Would It Take A Miracle To Believe In A Miracle? †. Southern Journal of Philosophy, 45,1,pp 1-29, Academic Search Complete.Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Corner, David. â€Å"Miracles. † Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. March 24 2005. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. www. thestudentchatroom. co. uk/Wiki/Revision:Miracles Corner, David. â€Å"Philosophy of Miracles. † Continuum Studies in Philosophy. International Publishing Group. Jan 21 2007: p 17. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Cowan, Steven B. , and James S. Spiegel, Loving Wisdom: A ChristianIntroduction to Philosophy. Nashville: B&H Academic, 2009. Frost-Arnold, Greg. â€Å"The No-Miracles Argument For Realism: Inference To An Unacceptable Explanation. Philosophy Of Science 77. 1 (2010): 35-58. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Larmer, Robert . â€Å"Miracles, Divine Agency, And The Laws Of Nature. † Toronto Journal Of Theology 27. 2(2011): 267-290. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. McKinnon, Alastair. â€Å"Miracles and Paradox. † American Philosophical Quartely 4. (Oct 1967):308-14 Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Yurs, Mark E. â€Å"The Ethics Of Preaching On The Healing Of Jesus. † Clergy Journal 85. 1 (2008): 12-14. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.

Health Issues in the Philippines Essay

DOH alarm: HIV cases in first-half 2012 exceed full year of 2010 The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases during the first half of the year has already surpassed the record for the whole 2010, the Department of Health (DOH) said Friday, underscoring the alarming rise in incidence of the virus that causes the dread disease AIDS. The bulk of the spike was traced to a rise in male-to-male transmission and the sharing of needles among injecting drug users in Cebu province. DOH Assistant Secretary Eric Tayag said for the month of June alone, 295 HIV cases were reported to the department, bringing to 1,600 the total number of cases in the first half of 2012. â€Å"We are halfway now for the year and that’s already more than the 1,591 for the whole year of 2010,† Tayag told reporters. In 2011, HIV cases were 2,349. This brings the total number of HIV cases in the country to 9,964 since 1984 when the DOH started reporting HIV/AIDS cases. Men having sex with men make up 87 percent of HIV transmissions recorded in the first six months of the year, with men aged 20-29 making up most of the cases. While MSM transmission has been the main mode of HIV transmission for a couple of years now, the DOH is particularly alarmed by a dramatic spike of cases involving injecting drug users (IDU) in Cebu City. â€Å"What we’re alarmed about is that for June there were additional cases of injecting drug use or person who inject drugs,† Tayag said. HIV among drug users reached 120 during the first half of the year alone, he added. From 1984 to 2008, there were only 8 HIV cases among drug users. â€Å"You will recall that in 2008 we only had 8 cases, now we have a total of 385 since 1984 when we started reporting HIV,† said Tayag, adding that all 120 HIV cases among IDUs this year were reported in Cebu City. Tayag admitted that HIV monitoring among drug users in Cebu had stopped for awhile, discouraging people who were injecting drugs from submitting themselves for AIDS testing. â€Å"In this period we stopped monitoring HIV among persons who inject drugs in that part of Cebu. For some time there was no fund so when we did a survey we saw that the number of HIV among drug users has increased,† he said. Tayag said unlike other drug users in some parts of the country, injecting drug users in Cebu City use regulated medicines. The virus is spread as they share unclean and contaminated needles. Tayag revealed that the government has started an HIV mapping, where parts of the country are labeled in terms of AIDS risk. Metro Manila, Cebu and Davao are tagged high risk. Read more:  Social Issues in the Philippines

Recommendations for Data Warehouse Concept Speech or Presentation

Recommendations for Data Warehouse Concept - Speech or Presentation Example In the process of using these technologies, these organizations will have the opportunity to increase the rate of production and quality products, hence, better services to their clients. In the process of using various techniques of information technology, organizations should make sure that they define problems on the ground by identifying some of the impacts of the situation to the organization. The organization should also make sure that they allocate funds for the development of the project in the process of system development and implementations are completed in time. In addition, organizations should make sure that they involve various members of the organization in system development and implementation in order for the organization to avoid the rejection of the system during the testing process by the users. Therefore, it is good for organizations to make use of this technological advancement in order to produce better services to their customers. Introduction Following the i ntroduction of information technology in the business market, it has resulted to various impacts in business organizations in relations to various activities of the organization. ... ses communication in various organizations because through the technology advancement, these organizations are able to coordinate by having easy communication among them. These communications are kept easy because they are in the position of having easy, faster and low cost communications, especially through the internet as compared to the manual system of communications such as postal services that were expensive and were not good for instance decision making as they took time to pass information from one location to another. Moreover, through the use of information technology, business organization information is kept safely as the information access are controlled through a database system with governs by rules and regulations that controls access to the information. Description of Data Warehouse There are various activities that take place in every organization in order for the processing of services to be completed. Therefore, there is the need for data collection, data analysis , and process and data storage in regards to the organization. Not all the available data are public, therefore, there are some of the data that are private and need to be kept safely from un-authorize users. In order for any organization to be in the position of keeping their information safely, there is a need for the introduction of the data warehouse (Haggerty & Meister, 2003). Data Warehouse is a form of database system that help various organizations in the collection of data, data analysis, data reporting and storage of data safely so that they stored data can only be available to genuine users. Therefore, this is the central position that helps users to integrate data from various sources for them to be analyzed for the accurate outputs to be generated. Data analysis involves

What were the most important successes and failures in Catherine the Essay

What were the most important successes and failures in Catherine the Greats foreign policy - Essay Example Catherine II was one of these heroes. Born in 1729, she faced various challenges, which propelled to her, to pursue various aspirations. She got acknowledgment from her father due to her bright abilities such, as reading and being able to remember the ideas taught. As a qualification, she received formal education after, which she got married to the Grand Duke Peter of Holstein, an heir of Russian throne. This is because during the time women faced negativity to gain education with only few allowed. Catherine was successful in her foreign policies particularly the friendly relations with Prussia. (Madareaga 1998, pp. 44). It is in this regards that the paper attempts to analyze various achievements and failures Catherine demonstrated and experienced in the process of applying her foreign policy. Catherine the great reigned from 1762 to 1996 and during the period, her foreign policies made various changes to both Russia and other countries. Her reputation, which did not only make her earn the name, â€Å"enlightened despot† also made get the name of the, â€Å"great†.... This becomes one of Catherine’s most achievements in the application of foreign trade policies. Consequently, she was able to conduct two Turkish wars with the help of able diplomats and generals (Donnels 1997, pp. 79). This was a considerable considering her feminine nature as well as the economic depression the country faced by the time. Another foreign policy employed by Catherine was in Poland in conjunction with Austria and Prusia. During the time, of her ruling Poland lay midst of the three powers. The country suffered from many problems in the 18thcentury mainly connected to poor leadership. This is because they had an elected king rather than a hereditary king, which caused fractious nobility of the population. In addition, the country developed multinational and multi-confessional masses dividing the population into various groups that one could conquer easily. Settling on the weaknesses, Catherine employed her foreign policy teaming up with other stakeholders to cont rol a third of Poland’s population. She got this extraordinary achievement during the time by conquering Poland. Despite a constitution, arising which protected Poland as a state she did not relent dividing Poland out of existence in 1793 and 1791 (Madareaga 1998, pp. 24). When the Turks declared war on Russia, 25 September/6 October 1768, the Russian envoy refused to remove Russian troops from Poland and got locked in the Castle of the Seven Towers. Thus, Catherine’s policy in Poland led to a civil war that irritated was with Ottoman Turkey. Though Catherina articulated her surprise at the Turkish pronouncement of war, she was eager for soldierly glory against what she painstaking a feeble rival. In July

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 279

Assignment Example 36). This also implies that with such kind of scrutiny, they can look at people from a larger picture and can develop deeper insights about their motivations and perceptions more easily. This is one of the most complex personalities, and the individuals show great range of abilities. They can easily feel about others and are, therefore, empathetic and can easily compromise not just for their close friends but also the humanity (Berens, p. 46). This is why they find a niche in the human service industries, helping others to get over their sufferings both physical and psychological. With relative ease, the INFJs take responsibilities and can be entrusted leadership and management positions. The results are, therefore, accurate as they present a personality that is driven by value and not by mere sensing. This kind of value is developed with feeling and intuition and confirmed by judging. Although they are introverts and relatively less outgoing, these people easily adapt to situations owing to their dependence on feelings and judgment which allows them to learn about others even before their presence is noted. However, it is worth noting that their reserved nature is revealed by their reluctant to share their feelings and internal conflicts with people whereas they are the confidants of the same

A New Approach for the Latino Community Annotated Bibliography

A New Approach for the Latino Community - Annotated Bibliography Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that as the world moves at a fast pace, cultures merge, people migrate and acculturation takes place, we can be sure that "Latino" community advantage ultimately poses as a disadvantage because the "Latinos" are losing their individual identity. It was the identity that was given to them by their country, whether it was Colombia, Argentina, Ecuador or Haiti. Their cultures (sports, food, arts, film, and architecture) differ, their languages diversify slightly, their religions may not be the same - and then why should they not be called an Argentinean or a Colombian rather than a Latino There should be a new approach for the "Latino" community where their differences should be studied, and then highlighted in various ways so as to communicate them to the world and especially the United States of America so that any sort of biases and stereotyping can be avoided against them.  "Latino" is a term used for the people who belong to L atin America. This region consists of each country, each with its unique language, culture, and identity. But their immigration to other countries of the world like the United States of America have crushed their individual identity and made them popular as a collective unit, yet considered a minority and treated with biases and prejudice. This discrimination and highlight of a community aspect of Latinos have been mostly brought forward by the Spanish media, whether it is the television, newspapers, radio or the likes. Such media propagation by any country gives further impetus to different countries to form stereotypes and biases for these people. An Argentinean has a totally different culture than the Bolivian who lives in the U.S., a Brazilian has different beliefs than a Colombian who works in U.S. and Ecuadorian will have different thought processes than a person from Panama who study together in U.S. Such differences need to be highlighted. Latin America's rich and diverse cu ltural needs to be brought in front of the world but what media does is only show a cross-section of the population from Latin America, collectively labels them as Latinos and ignores the diversity available in the region. This is an important topic to address as it wants to achieve a basis for the vast differences between the 20 countries and their residents, who are part of Latin America. What is happening to the residents of Latin America is unfair. It needs to be looked into. Other topics would just have been an addition to the database of various papers who talk about Latinos. But talking about their differences and the situation of being referred to as "Latinos" puts them in an advantageous position as a community and at a disadvantage when it comes to their individuality. This ambiguous situation is difficult to weigh and talked about rarely. The Latinos know what they go through but I, being a student, subjected to the study of Latino culture, want to unravel their range of cultures and individuality as written and argued by prominent authors.  

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Personal Statement Example I am interested in studying international business law. I had the unique opportunity of realizing my studies outside the United States. Doing so helped me gain a better understanding of the business world from an international perspective. I have a good understanding of the role international legal system has on business entities. The globalization movement created thousands of multinational corporations which need legal assistance in order to succeed in their international endeavors. Contract law is extremely important for companies dealing in foreign marketplaces because contracts are utilized to stipulate the terms and agreements between different parties. The legal variable in business is actually one of the six macroeconomic forces within a PESTEL analysis which is often utilized to determine the viability of an international expansion plan. Some work tasks that interest me within an international law setting are contracts, imports and exports, and market entry strategies such as joint ventures. I understand that law studies require a high level of personal commitment and sacrifice. Law students perform a lot of reading of laws and court cases. I have always love reading and analyzing the information being read. During my college years I usually spend over 20 hours a week in the library doing research. A law student must also be responsible and have good communication skills. I have always being very good at performing oral presentations in front of a group. A career in law provides lots of benefits for the person who achieves that status. The law is one of the highest paying careers globally. The average salary of a first year law associate in a large firm is $145,000 (Legalnut). Along with great potential income a career in law provides an opportunity to help others. As an international lawyer I would have an opportunity to work in an exciting work environment and deal with people of all nationalities. Prior to starting

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic management - Case Study Example It was the time that it started evolving as the world's most profitable airline. Michael O'Leary 's key to success was to drastically cut costs down by taking extra-ordinary decisions. But it was not the only reason of his success. He was also very innovative and shrewd in his approach. His efforts were also supported by state policies of the European countries. The briefs of Financial & operational performance of the company from 1998 to 2002 retrieved from ATI database show a great change in the financial status of the company. The increase in Passengers Revenue was $259.68 millions from 1998 to 2002. Net margins increased from 19.63% to 24.09% during this period. Number of passengers increased by almost 300% during this period. These were not mean achievements in such a short period of time. But these statistics does not show that how daring was O'Leary in his decision making. He was never afraid of taking unpopular decision and he had complete trust in judgment. As it is famous saying that fortune favours the braves that was the case with him. Fortune also favoured him on many occasions. The difficulties came to his way never deterred him. He went on expansion spree. Ryanair was not only expanded in terms of routes and destinations but he also acquired new planes for his company. The data sheet is give herewith that shows his achievements. Numbers speak louder than words in this case. RyanAir was successful in controlling total ... Profit after also risen by 44%. Earnings per share also increased. (Financial performance table is attached as Appendix II retrieved from ATI Database) A tremendous increase in the profits of the company encourages O'Leary to go on and take more daring decision of acquisition of Buzz Air. It could prove a turning point towards best or worse. As O'Leary promises to make Buzz profitable within three months by "halving fares and doubling passengers". (Part I 475 words)Strategic Analysis of RyanAir at the end of 2002 Ryanair is considered one of Europe's debatable companies, it policies are appreciated and criticised simultaneously. Some analysts support its commitment to low fares, its revolutionary management. At the same time few analysts attack its labor policies and disapprove its advertising campaign. It would be quite interesting to use analysis models described by Richard Lynch analyse the Ryanair strategically at the end of year . These models can be applied for a thorough analysis of RyanAir. Model: Consideration of the nature of the environment (General considerations) The problems like market recession because of September 11 attacks required a thorough analysis. O'Leary did this very well in comparison to competitors and also with other industries. It helped in assessing the situation correctly into true perspective. His research and evaluation team gave him correct input. The market research was one of the tools used by O'Leary. A correct and true analysis was the key of success of O'Leary. He understood that although situation is quite turbulent but it can be brought under control. He was able to make correct decisions because of these comparative

Service Product Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Service Product Marketing - Essay Example Greece does receive both tourists and business travellers who face such inconveniences. A Spa at the airport would be able to capture this segment through the right marketing approach. This would be a mass marketing approach through the right mix of the seven element of service marketing. It is strongly recommended that the tourism venture should be an airport spa in Greece and the promotion of this spa can be done through innovative strategies such as tie upasana with the airlines and tour operators. Local people can also be attracted to the day spa which would tale care of business during the lean tourist season. Tourism in the 20th century has grown as the world’s largest industry surpassing autos, steel, electronics, and agriculture (Sirgy & Su, 2000). It is undoubtedly a large source of foreign exchange, employment and income and has grown as the business of attracting visitors and catering to their needs The economy of a nation depends on the travel and tourism industry and this is further endorsed by the fact that post September 11, the industry lost $1.36 billion in business because of a dramatic drop in bookings for flights, hotel rooms, car rentals and cruise. However, tourism is a service sector and the success of any tourism product depends on the service delivery. The process of globalization and social changes has transformed the service economy (Lovelock, Wirtz & Chew, 2009). Innovation in the service products stimulated by technology allows the service provider to offer a wider choice to the consumers. In addition, the disposable income in the hands of the people has gone up while their lifestyles have changed as well. This report aims to explore the strategy for marketing day spas in Greece. Greece continues to have the image of the 1960s as ‘island-hopping backpackers and package tourists’ (Mjourney, 1998). To attract the upmarket clients it is very important for Greece

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay In United Kingdom and Europe, the adults and volunteers working around the school, paid or not, have various names: learning support assistant, classroom assistant, special needs assistant, but the most common term is the one of teaching assistant. The teaching assistants are very important in primary schools, so much that at the moment it is nearly impossible to imagine things running as efficiently as they do, without the help of the teaching assistants. In the present there is a big deficit in the number of teachers available in primary schools, especially in the number of men working close to children of a young age. Skilled teaching assistants bring a very valuable contribution to pupils achievements within the learning environment, but their main purpose states from their name, as the term of teaching assistant indicates their role of supporting the teacher and working under his guidance. This is done by supporting pupils during the teaching of the curriculum . Teacher assistants support the pupils by understanding their learning support needs. In order to do that, the teaching assistant needs to listen to the children, respect and value them. They will gain the sense of independence, with the help of the school staff, especially those working close to them, such as teacher or teaching assistant. The teaching assistant has to enable the pupils access to the curriculum at all times and to encourage them by using plenty of praise and rewards. Also, every pupil must participate fully in every lesson, and the teaching assistant must ensure that, by reminding pupils of teaching points made by the teacher, and also by organising them in appropriate play activities or games. Younger pupils should be encouraged to take turns and speak and to follow simple written instructions. The teaching assistant has to encourage the children to use the school library at all the time and also to use spelling aids, when necessary. All of these will encourage the pupils to gain the sense of independence and to develop their independent learning. The teaching assistant needs to ensure that the children knows, understands and applies class and school rules. The younger pupils should be able to make choices on their own about the books and to be able to select resources independently. Older pupils should be encouraged to develop their skills and to work independently when the case, to manage own reading book and help keeping reading record up to date. The teaching assistant must help the pupils work cooperatively and encourage them to use the library independently. Children should learn to use information from various sources and include references and to complete all tasks set in a given time. The teaching assistant must make sure that all the pupils have access to information from artefacts, charts, diagrams, and that they are able to organise and keep tidy their own work. The teaching assistant must provide support for the teacher, as stated from the term itself. The teacher takes full responsibility for the interactions that take place between pupils and the helping staff. The teaching assistant needs to provide general classroom help, including preparations of rooms, materials and equipment. The pupils need to be supervised by the teaching assistant and by the teacher, working together, as a team. Also, the teaching assistant needs to assist in monitoring the pupils progress as required by the school and in the production of teaching aids and preparation of work for pupils.

Classical Theory Essay Example for Free

Classical Theory Essay The Difference Between a Classical Management Theory a Human Relations Theory by Stacy Zeiger, Demand Media Human relations theory seeks to develop satisfied employees. Classical management theory and human relations theory represent two views of management on the opposite ends of the spectrum. One view focuses on looking at workers solely as a means to get work done, while the other focuses on developing an organization and the behaviors and motivations of employees. Most managers find that a combination of the two theories serves them best in their businesses. Ads by Google Ssangyong Korando Special New Offer On SsangYong Korando From Only R2499p/m. Enquire Online Now! www.ssangyongdeals.co.za What is Classical Management Theory? Classical management theory involves creating multiple levels of workers to improve productivity. Employees at the lowest levels find their tasks overseen by supervisors who, in turn, are overseen by managers. At every level, employees are expected to perform tasks according to specific procedures designed to maximize productivity. In addition, this theory focuses on an impersonal side of business. Employees and managers should not allow friendliness and personal interactions to become involved with the organization. Rules must be followed exactly, and the hiring and firing of employees must relate only to the skills they possess. Pros and Cons of Classical Management Theory Classical management theory is not used in many organizations because of its shortcomings. While some components of the theory, such as designing procedures for completing a task and keeping personal issues out of business, help an organization focus on the job at hand, the theory fails to recognize the differences among employees. When employee feelings and opinions are not taken into account, the business may not grow or may experience high levels of employee turnover as employees fail to develop a relationship with the business and leave in search of a more satisfying job. What is Human Relations Theory? Human relations theory, also known as behavioral management theory, focuses more on the individuals in a workplace than the rules, procedures and processes. Instead of directives coming directly from management, a human relations theory provides communication between employees and managers, allowing them to interact with one another to help make decisions. Instead of giving workers quotas and requiring certain procedures, workers are exposed to motivational and emotional tactics to get them to increase productivity. The focus of this style is creating fulfilled, productive workers and helping workers invest in a company. Pros and Cons of Human Relations Theory While many companies operate based on the human relations theory, this type of management has dangers. Companies risk workers becoming too social or easily swayed by personal emotions and opinions when making decisions, rather than relying on hard data. It may be more difficult to reprimand employees for poor performance or dismiss them once they have become invested in the company. Despite these risks, human relations theory has the potential to increase employee retention rates and productivity. As employees feel more valued by a company, they invest in that company and its greater good.

Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Analysis

Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Analysis Psychology 1: Development and learning Identity verse confusion An adolescent is a person who is currently in the process of developing from a child into an adult. This process involves many social and physical changes that challenge the adolescent. It is in this stage that a person forms their identity. This time period has been defined by Erik Erikson as Identity verse Confusion. This period can be particularly challenging and in a post-Apartheid South Africa, adolescence are finding this stage more challenging than in the past. (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010) Erick Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the few developmental theories that does not restrict development to a specific age group or time period, but rather he suggests that development is a continuous process that spans the entirety of human life. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013) His theory is broken into 8 distinctive stages. In order for one to progress from one stage to the next a person must complete the challenge or crisis associated with that stage. Erickson’s places particular emphasis on the adolescent stage (ages 12 -20) identity verse confusion. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013) Erikson believed this stage was particularly important in the sense that it was at this stage that one builds social relationships, finds a sense of belonging and decided the general direction of their life. He also believed once this stage was completed one could move on to the next stage Intimacy vs Isolation. (Ages 20 – 30). This stage is considered young adul thood and associated with finding a life partner, settling down and falling into your job role. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013) In the earlier stages of Erikson’s theory, a child’s identity is primarily based on identification with role models. (Thom Coetzee, 2004) However during adolescence there is need create a sense of autonomy and as a result the adolescent moves away from the parents and role models and looks toward peer groups for guidance and support in their search for identity (Allen Land, 1999). The adolescents also begin to question previous ideologies that they had acquired throughout childhood and begin to retain and identify with opinions that assimilate into their new world views. (Thom Coetzee, 2004) However Erikson’s theory does not consider how different cultures, classes and genders differ in this developmental process. In a post-Apartheid South Africa there is a significant difference between say how an African and a Caucasian adolescent develop due to cultural differences and expectations (Thom Coetzee, 2004). There is also a difference between males and females, as well as those who live in lower socio economic circumstances in comparison with those who occupy the wealthier socio economic station in life with in South Africa. (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). Erick Erikson’s theory is focused on a western perspective of development and therefore as result as I as a white, middle class, educated female, fall within the bounds of his theory. Erikson believes that the conflict that adolescents must overcome is the conflict between identity and role confusion (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). They have to begin making decisions that will affect their life in the future, for example whether to attend university or go straight into the work force as well as opinions such as political views and religious views must also develop. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). This I can strongly relate to and as an adolescent I grappled and still grapple with these challenges. In my matric year these questions of my future where most prevalent, choosing a degree and a university was the first major conflict that I faced and it is one that took almost the entire year to overcome. The pressure to choose a socially acceptable degree, that still is within my skill set and what I love to do was a challenge, naturally my parents were drawn to the idea of me perusing a degree in commerce that would be practical. However I had formed my own opinion and as Allen and Land (2010) mention I began to question previous ideologies set out by my parents, that they had acquired throughout childhood and begin to retain and identify with opinions that fitted more in line with what I believed. As a result I chose a degree and a university that would fit my views and as a result I’m perusing a Batchelor of Arts degree, successfully overcoming that challenged. Furthermore in 2014 my political views were also challenged as it was an election year. Having just turned eighteen I was permitted to vote for the first time and as a result I had to question and form a knowledge base of who and what I needed to support before I cast my vote. These challenges where overcome eventually overcome by active seeking of information. Erickson expresses a great importance is placed on per groups during this period of adolescence and as a result I found myself turning to my close friend groups for advice on both challenges. However this process cannot apply to all adolescents within South Africa. South African adolescents have all been subjected to socio-political changes in recent years and as a result they are forming identities in a society that is itself undergoing a transformation (Thom Coetzee, 2004). As a result adolescents may experience a dual identity crisis, their individual as well as a cultural crisis (Kilpatrick, 1974 as cited in Thom Coetzee, 2004). An example of this is seen within the black adolescent group. During Apartheid many black adolescents identified with groups with strong social and cultural identities (Kilpatrick, 1974 as cited in Thom Coetzee, 2004). The black adolescents all experienced the same oppressive conditions under the apartheid regime and as a result formed a common group identity. It could be said that this structured group identity model continues to serve as a clear frame of reference in this post-Apartheid era (Thom Coetzee, 2004). However since 1994 South Africa has been governed by a democratic system, eliminating the factor of oppression. Therefore African cultures are now recognised and dignified and as a result young black South Africans can accept their culture with pride. Making it possible for these adolescents to choose the direction of their lives without the overhanging factor of oppression allowing for a more personal choice of identity rather than a group identity (Thom Coetzee, 2004). However it could be said that this newly found social freedom could be contributing to role confusion within black adolescents. Since the end of apartheid new role models and economic structures have been formed and as a result South Africa is becoming increasingly more globalised. this has affected the black adolescence in the fact that they two are becoming globalised and as a result they are merging their cultural roots with western ideals. This however may isolate them from their cultural backgrounds and elders and therefore leaded to confusion on where they belong (Early, 2008) Other factors that can affect adolescent identity development that are not considered by Erikson’s theory is gender and social demographics. Again due to the previous Apartheid regime many young South Africans have been subjected to the effects of a history of legitimised power relationships between racial groups and the culturally inscribed gender roles that accompany it (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). As a result there are different expectations that are placed on males and females, even within the same cultural groups. An examples are boys, especially in poorer socio-economic arears, who are expected to conform to the ridged definition of masculinity. This is a result of the absence of jobs, and recreational activities for the young men and therefore these men must prove themselves in alternative fashion, often resorting to violence (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). As stated previously Erickson believed that during this time of adolescence peer relationships become increasingly important in the adolescence search for autonomy. (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). However even these peer relationships are affected by race, gender and social standing and as the adolescent begins to explore the possibility of romantic relationships and sexual relationships these factors again play a role (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). For example adolescences within African neighbourhoods report to have more sexual relations then those in poor coloured neighbourhoods. Those in poor neighbourhoods stated that they had more sexual relations then those in wealthier coloured neighbourhoods and those in wealthier coloured neighbourhood’s sates that they had more sexual relations those in white neighbourhoods (Bray, Gooskens, Khan, Moses Seekings, 2010). This shows how demographics and race affect your relationships and ultimately your identity. The examples above show how within South Africa there is a diverse range of what adolescent development entails. However they have not expressed what the basic skills and values that are necessary for the resolution if an identity crisis James Marcia expanded on Erick Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development theory. He suggested that there where a combination of explorations which involve active questioning aimed at making decisions about goals and values and a commitment to those goals and values (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). He determined that there were four identity statuses: foreclosure, identify diffusion, marorium and identity achievement (Waterman, 1982). Identity foreclosure relates to when a commitment is made without exploring any alternatives to that commitment. Often adolescents who fall in to this category base their beliefs solely on their parent’s values (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). Often this is seen in adolescents who identify greatly with their parents prior too or during adolescents (Waterman, 1982). These adolescents have not successfully overcome the identity crisis. Identity diffusion is when some adolescents become overwhelmed by the task of identity development and neither make commitments nor explore. They have little interest in identity status and often do not undergo an identity crisis (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). These adolescents will have for the most part permissive, neglecting parents and therefore will have difficulty in successfully resolving an identity crisi s (Waterman, 1982). Identity moratorium is a status of indivulaus who are currenty in a crisis who is still exploring identity commitments. These individuals have not yet overcome the crisis and may either fall in the identity diffusions status not making any commitment at all or may fall in to the identity achievement status (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). Identity achievement is the status of an individual who has successfully overcome the crisis they have undergone exploration and have made a commitment (Comer, Gould Furnham, 2013). The increased availability of role modles will greatly aid in the formation of stable commitments. A successful adult role model may serve as a example on how to overcome challenges and difficult situations. Furthermore Parents who they themselves have successfully achieved identity achievement will help nurture this value in their child (Waterman, 1982). Therefore in conclusion it can be said that within a South African context psychosocial development, especially identity verse confusion is experienced differently depending on race, culture, gender and demographics. it can also be said that not all adolescents experience the psychosocial crisis within this stage and therefore many do not fall in to the identity achievement status.