Speaking of Courage Essay -- Essays Papers

Speaking of CourageIn the literary work, Speaking of Courage, Tim OBrien highlights the trying struggle of a post-war solider attempting desperately to integrate himself back into American society. capital of Minnesota Berlins trials and tribulations exemplify the dominance of a citizen culture in the United States, as mentioned by Dr. Decker in class. American society does not allow for the soldiers we gull sent off to fight to return as warriors.While Speaking of Courage is based on Pauls experience after the Vietnam war the effect of the citizen culture can be seen throughout history. Americans are not generally known to have an imperial, blood thirsty nature. We choose to conquer the man using business or other non-violent means. In the case of the Vietnam War, our government was f...

AIDS in Africa :: HIV AIDS essays research papers

The AIDS epidemic has reached disastrous proportions on the continent of Africa. Over the past two decades, two thirds of the to a greater extent than 16 million great deal in the world infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( humane immunodeficiency virus), which causes AIDS, live in sub-Saharan Africa. It is now home to the largest number of people infected, with 70 percent of the worlds HIV infected population. The problem of this ongoing human tragedy is that Africa is also the least equipped region in the world to cope with all the challenges posed by the HIV virus. In order understand the social and economic consequences of the disease, it is important to study the relationship amidst poverty, the global response, and the effectiveness of AIDS prevention, both government and grass roots. Half of the worlds cases are found in what is referred to as the AIDS belt, a chain of countries in eastern and southern Africa that is home to two percent of the global population. The main vehicle for stretching HIV throughout Africa is heterosexual intercourse. In contrast, this is the opposite compared to the U.S. where the virus is usually transmitted through homosexual intercourse or contaminated syringes shared by drug users. Besides heterosexual intercourse, HIV transmission through transfusion and contaminated medical equipment is common in sub-Saharan Africa. Africans infected with HIV die much sooner after diagnosis than HIV infected people in other parts of the world. In industrialized countries, the survival time after diagnosis of AIDS ranges from 9 to 26 months, but in Africa the survival time for patients is 5 to 9 months (UNAIDS 3). Factors, such as lower access to health care, poorer quality of health care services, poorer levels of amount health and nutrition, and greater exposure to pathogens that cause infection all contribute to the shorter survival in Africa. It is difficult to stop the flood of AIDS cases in Africa because it is not yet k nown by researchers the factors that contribute to outstanding prevalence of the disease among heterosexuals. This diagnosis will help determine how likely it is that heterosexual epidemics will spread to Asia or the West. Even though AIDS is heavily researched, its origin still remains a partial mystery. It is know that HIV is a zoonosis, a human disease acquired from animals. The virus evolved from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) a type of slow virus found naturally in monkeys and apes which, while not harming the host, produces diseases in other primates (Caldwell 97).

Invisible Man Essay: The Phases of Invisibility -- Invisible Man Essay

The Phases of Invisibility in invisible Man To be invisible is to be unable to be seen by anyone without artificial aid. The invisible man is more impossible to locate than the proverbial needle in a haystack. In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man, the main character, I., progresses finished various phases of symbolic invisibility. The story begins with I. recounting the various steps and incidents that led him to realize his invisibility. I.s grandfather was a meek and humble man, and therefore surprised I. when he told him to live with your head in the lions mouth, overcome em with yeses, agree em to death and destruction. This statement is the ever-present current that guides I. to his eventual self-discovery. It haunts him beyond his discovery and even remains by and by his acceptance of his situation, where the reader realizes that even I. does not fully understand his grandfathers words. The battle royal serves to open his eyes, although only slightly, only to be re-closed, bec ause I. still gives his acceptance actors line to the crowd of prominent white men from the town. These are the same men who were moments ago screaming let me at that big nigger. Yet he still assumes these men respect him for his intelligence, and are taking him seriously. Upon reflection he realizes that this is when he really started running for the white man. He was playing their games, trying to confiscate the electrified money, not looking at the naked white woman, these men really started him running and taught him their game he was expected to play. The next big shock came afterwards I.s encounter with Mr. Norton, a prominent white man and huge contributor to the University he was attending. He takes Mr. Norton into the old slave... ...ntinues on to explore his newfound knowledge. There is a hope for those that are invisible, which so many are, that you may be able to come to terms with your transparency. Works Cited Bellow, Saul. Man Underground Review of Ralph Ellison s Invisible Man. Commentary. June 1952. foremost December 1999<http//www.english.upeen.edu/afilreis /50s/bellow-on-ellison.html Earl, Gerald. Decoding Ralph Ellison Essay obtained from IGC.org Summer 97. 30 November. <http//www.igc.org/dissent/archive/summer97/early.html Howe, Irving. Black Boys and Native Sons English Dept. at Univ. Penn. 1 December 1999 <http//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/howe-blackboys.html. Howe, Irving. Review of Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Pub. The Nation. 10 May 1952. 30 November 1999. <http//www.english.upenn.edu/afilreis/50s/howe-on-ellison.html.

My Metamorphosis to a Reasonably Confident Adult :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Metamorphosis to a Reasonably Confident Adult In localize school, I can remember being insulted and humiliated because I displayed traits rough of my peers thought were feminine. I was informed that I walked, spoke, and generally behaved like a girl. I recall feelings of anger and resentment mixed with shame and self-consciousness. I wondered why I was being singled out. Now I realized that every boy who showed some trace of femininity was singled out, not just me. At the time, of course, I thought I was the only one. I tried to hypothesize about why I was being insulted. Maybe this pink shirt is too girlish, I thought. Maybe my hair is too long. Maybe there is just something wrong with me. As I entered junior high, I began to consciously eliminate any behaviors, mannerisms, etc. that could possibly be perceived as feminine. After all, fitting in with my sexist, homophobic peers was my master(prenominal) objective. I wore masculine clothing (dark colors, button-downs, workboots ), got a short haircut, and lowered my voice about three octaves when I spoke. Gym chassis was my worst dread. As barrel maker Thompson says, Competitive activites . . . too easily become a lesson in the need for toughness, invulnerability, and dominance. This was one-hundred percent true in my junior high school. The most violent kids command the gym class, and they received the most recognition from the teacher. If one of them made a violent tackle in a football game, for instance, he would be applauded by the teacher, who called such kids men. Of course, I felt like less than a man, because I couldnt play sports for my life. This horrible truth was exposed every time gym class met, and I was mortified. Frustrated with my ineptitude, I spent hours practicing by myself shooting baskets, hitting baseballs, anything to gain some physical coordination. In retrospect, I laugh about how ofttimes effort I put into impressing my peers in gym class Eventually, P.E. didnt humiliate me as much, but fear of ridicule prevented me from ever trying out for a team. In high school, I made a few good friends-people who like me for the way I was and didnt care if I was inept at authentic things. However, feelings of insecurity still lingered. I was terrified that girls wouldnt like me if I didnt act like a real man (whatever that is).

Keats wrote Isabella because he wanted to produce a commercial success, :: glish Literature

Keats wrote Isabella because he wanted to bring up a commercial success, but he also thought it was too smokeable, i.e. that critics would irony it. What do you consider to be the positive aspects of the poem?Why might it also bedevil been susceptible to criticism?Isabella or the pot of basil was indite soon after Keats hadattended lectures by a critic. The critic had suggested that a poetictranslation of the 14th century works by the Italian source Boccacciocould not fail in the present day. Keatss poem is based upon theItalians story called the Decameron in which Isabellas lovestrengthens due to her loss of her unfeigned love, Lorenzo, who herbrothers were unable to accept into the family and so disposed of him.The fact that the poem is based upon someone elses story whitethorn have gotthe poem ridiculed by critics because it was not original also Keatswas not yet a well established poet (as he was from a humblebackground) and so he might have been ridiculed for utilise oth erauthors hard work fair(a) for profit and due to the fact that someoneelse thought it would make capital Keats may have been scorned as hecouldnt come up with his own inventions. Stealing ideas fromanother may also have caused mocking at Keatss ability to produce hisown works.Another reason that Keats believed that his work was too smokeable,in other words his poem would go up in smoke too easily, because thecritics may have thought that Keats would go to any lengths for fame,even taking a well known fairy tale story and turning it into a moneymaker for himself. In a letter written to his friend in October 1818Keats revealed that fame was not on his agenda as he described himselfas a camelion poet, camelion has connotations of something whichtakes on the colours of its background in order to camouflage, inother words, Keats was not interested in the conventional things ofpoetry, he wanted to be undetectable to others, but his work to be seen.Keats did not want fame, but a reason for him believing his work wouldbe subject to ridicule is that others may have believed he was onlywriting for fame.When Keats was preparing for the publication of Isabella he condemnedits inexperience simplicity and mawkishness in terms of itslanguage and the storyline, Keats may have just been covering forhimself and his reputation in case of ridicule, or his writing skillshad improved during the eighteen months prior to its publication, and

The Horrifying Details of Mad Cow Disease Essay -- Mad Cow Disease Hea

The Horrifying Details of Mad browbeat DiseaseMad Cow Disease, scientifically referred to as (BSE) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, is a disease that affects those humans who eat the meat from infected cows. Mad Cow Disease is one of several inglorious brain diseases called (TSE) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. (USDA) T present was evidence of a new illness resembling the sheep disease scrapie. It was technically named BSE but quickly acquired the mad cow score because of the way infected cattle behave. (CNN) In 1997, there was an award given to Stanley Prusiner, for concluding that a distorted protein called a prion was responsible for Mad Cow Disease, state the long incubation period made it difficult to distinguish (Bryant). Another name for Mad Cow Disease is the new variant Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), confusable to the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, which is a deadly brain illness that strikes about one per million per year (USDA) due to genetic or unknown cause s while the vCJD is contracted from eating infected cows (USDA). Both CJD and vCJD are so similarly named because of the similar effects from the illness. This case study shows the effect of CJD. The story has been said to be on the natural occurring CJD but is still in the family with the same kind of effects as vCJD. It is just contracted differently. According to Rocky Mountain intelligence operation in an article written by Lou Kilzer, Tracie Mcewen noticed something wrong for the first time on Mothers Day of 1998 (Kilzer). Doug, her husband, always made her homemade tease for Mothers Day, but he did not this year. Although Tracie thought Doug was mad at her or just being forgetful, he died ten months later from a rare brain ravaging disease (Kilzer). After his death an autopsy showed that it was not Mad Cow Disease. Some scientists wondered if his and four other deaths were somehow attached to a related disease in deer and elk called (CWD) Chronic Wasting Disease, consideri ng that Doug was an avid hunter (Kilzer). Before losing Doug, Tracie wrote the following accounts of the ravages for a support group, service of process families of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease victims (Kilzer). Tracies letter was written in January of 1999.Tracie was twenty-eight geezerhood old at the time, and Doug was thirty years old. They have two girls, Sharon who is eight years old and Rilee who is three years old. They li... ...ases that are just as bad like CWD, but people have known about them. Mad Cow, BSE, vCJD--it is here and real and exit kill anyone who gives it a chance. It does not pick an individual. It does not pick innocent or guilty. The people choose it. Mad Cow will either stop a soulfulness in his train of thought or fly past like a busy bee. This disease is not as well-known as some but is just as deadly. BSE has many terms all under the same definition. Whether a person sees this brain ravaging disease as a threat or a joke, it is up to each individual. W orks CitedA Beef With Beef. USDA. 8 Feb. 1999. solicit Jeeves. 29 Aug. 2002Bryant, Gerry, Dr., and Monk, Philip, Dr.The Queniborough Report 26 Aug. 2002Cannibals to Cows the Path of a Deadly Disease Newsweek. 12 March 2001 Fear and Mystery Of Cross Species Killer. CNN 26 Oct. 2000. Yahoo. 26 Aug. 2002Kilzer, Lou. A Family Grieves Young Utah Hunters Untimely Death Attributed To CJD But Survivors Want Closer Look At Venison Connection. Rocky Mountain News 1 June 2002. Google. 29 Aug. 2002Mad Cow Update. Consumer Freedom. 20 March 2000. Ask Jeeves. 29 Aug. 2002

The Horrifying Details of Mad Cow Disease Essay -- Mad Cow Disease Hea

The Horrifying Details of Mad Cow DiseaseMad Cow Disease, scientifically referred to as (BSE) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, is a disease that affects those humans who eat the meat from infected kine. Mad Cow Disease is one of several fatal consciousness diseases called (TSE) catching Spongiform Encephalopathy. (USDA) There was evidence of a new illness resembling the sheep disease scrapie. It was technically named BSE scarce quickly acquired the mad cow tag because of the way infected cattle behave. (CNN) In 1997, there was an award given to Stanley Prusiner, for concluding that a distorted protein called a prion was responsible for Mad Cow Disease, noted the long brooding period made it difficult to distinguish (Bryant). Another name for Mad Cow Disease is the new variant Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), similar to the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, which is a dementedly brain illness that strikes about one per million per year (USDA) due to genetic or unknown causes while the vCJD is contracted from eating infected cows (USDA). Both CJD and vCJD are so similarly named because of the similar effects from the illness. This case study shows the effect of CJD. The story has been said to be on the natural occurring CJD but is still in the family with the same kind of effects as vCJD. It is just contracted differently. According to Rocky Mountain News in an article indite by Lou Kilzer, Tracie Mcewen noticed something wrong for the first time on Mothers Day of 1998 (Kilzer). Doug, her husband, always made her homemade cards for Mothers Day, but he did not this year. Although Tracie thought Doug was mad at her or just being forgetful, he died ten months later from a rare brain destroy disease (Kilzer). After his death an autopsy showed that it was not Mad Cow Disease. Some scientists wondered if his and four other deaths were somehow connected to a relate disease in deer and elk called (CWD) Chronic Wasting Disease, considering that Doug was an avid hunter (Kilzer). Before losing Doug, Tracie wrote the following accounts of the ravages for a support group, serving families of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease victims (Kilzer). Tracies letter was written in January of 1999.Tracie was twenty-eight years old at the time, and Doug was thirty years old. They have two girls, Sharon who is eight years old and Rilee who is tierce years old. They li... ...ases that are just as bad like CWD, but people have known about them. Mad Cow, BSE, vCJD--it is here and real and lead kill anyone who gives it a chance. It does not pick an individual. It does not pick innocent or guilty. The people choose it. Mad Cow will either polish off a person in his train of thought or fly past like a busy bee. This disease is not as well-known(a) as some but is just as deadly. BSE has many terms all under the same definition. Whether a person sees this brain ravaging disease as a threat or a joke, it is up to each individual. Works CitedA Beef With Beef. USDA. 8 Feb. 19 99. Ask Jeeves. 29 Aug. 2002Bryant, Gerry, Dr., and Monk, Philip, Dr.The Queniborough inform 26 Aug. 2002Cannibals to Cows the Path of a Deadly Disease Newsweek. 12 March 2001 Fear and Mystery Of Cross Species Killer. CNN 26 Oct. 2000. Yahoo. 26 Aug. 2002Kilzer, Lou. A Family Grieves fresh Utah Hunters Untimely Death Attributed To CJD But Survivors Want Closer Look At Venison Connection. Rocky Mountain News 1 June 2002. Google. 29 Aug. 2002Mad Cow Update. Consumer Freedom. 20 March 2000. Ask Jeeves. 29 Aug. 2002

Agribusiness – Essay

The word land indicate plowing a field, planting seed, harvesting a crop, milking cows, or feeding livestock. Until recently, this was a fairly accurate picture. skilful now to days agriculture is radic solelyy different. Agriculture has evolved in to agribusiness and has become a vast and complex system that reaches for beyond the promote to include all those who are involved in bringing food and fiber to consumers. agribusiness include not single those that farm the land just also the battalion and firms that declare oneself the inputs (for ex. Seed, chemicals, credit etc. ), address the output (for ex. Milk, grain, meat etc. , manufacture the food products (for ex. icc cream, bread, breakfast cereals etc. ), and transport and sell the food products to consumers (for ex. restaurants, supermarkets). Agribusiness system has undergone a rapid transformation as new industries have evolve and traditional farming operations have grown larger and more(prenominal) specialized. Th e transformation did not happen over night, but came slowly as a response to a variety of forces. Knowing something near how agribusiness came about makes it easier to understand how this system operates today and how it is likely to change in the future.Initially agriculture being the major venture it was easy to become a farmer, but productivity was low. Average farmer cleard enough food to feed just four people. As a consequence to the highest degree farmers were nearly totally self-sufficient. They produced most of the inputs they needed for payoff, such as seed, draft animals, feed and simple farm equipment. Farm families processed the commodities they grew to make their own food and clothing. They consumed or used just about everything they produced. The small amount of output not consumed on the farm was sold for cash.These items were used to feed and cloth the minor portion of the countrys population that lived in villages and cities. A few agricultural products made th eir way into the export market and were sold to buyers is other countries. Farmers found it increasingly profitable to stomach on production and began to purchase inputs they formerly made themselves. This trend enabled others to build business that focused on meeting the need for inputs used in production agriculture such as seed, fencing, machinery and so on. These farms involved into the industries that make up the agricultural inputs sector.Input farms are major parting of agribusiness and produce variety of technologically based products that account for approximately 75 per cent of all the inputs used in production agriculture. At the same time the agriculture input sector was evolving, a similar evaluation was taking place a commodity processing and food manufacturing moved off the farm. The form of most commodities (wheat, rice, milk, livestock and so on) must be changed to make them more useful and convenient for consumers. For ex. consumers would rather buy flour than gr ind the wheat themselves before O.K. a cake.They are willing to pay extra for the convenience of buying the processed commodity (flour) instead of the raw agriculture commodity (wheat). During the same halt technological advance were being made in food preservation method. Up until this time the perishable nature of most agriculture commodities meant that they were available only at harvest. Advance in food processing have made it possible to get those commodities all throughout the year. Today even most farm families use purchased food and fiber products rather than doing the processing themselves.The farms that meet the consumers demand for greater processing and convenience also constitute a major part of agribusiness and are referred to as the processing manufacturing sector. It is apparent that the definition of agriculture had to be expanded to include more than production. Farmers rely on the input industries to provide the products and service they need to produce agricult ural commodities. They also rely on commodity processors, food manufactures, and ultimately food distributors and retailers to purchase their raw agricultural commodities and to process and deliver them to the consumer for final sale.The result is the food and fiber system. The food and fiber system is increasingly being referred to as agribusiness. The term agribusiness was set-back introduced by Davis and Goldberg in 1957. it represents three part system made up of (1) the agricultural input sector (2) the production sector and (3) the processing-manufacturing sector. The capture the full centre of the term agribusiness it is important to visualizes these there sectors as interrelated parts of a system in which the success of each part depends heavily on the proper functioning of the other two.

Argumentative essay: Gay marriage Essay

The Ameri bum breathing in, one of freedom and equality, is held highly in the hearts of every citizen in the United States. With the American dream in mind, virtually will say they support equal matures for homosexuals. But if you ask these members of golf club if they are for fearless marriage then the support of funny equality comes to a stop and majority of Americans vote for the Constitutional Amendment, which bans gay marriage. Americans do believe in providing equal rights to the gay community, which include no acceptance of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from indecent actions, rights allowing same access to housing, rights allowing advancement in government, and so on and so forth. However, the concept of gay marriage is steady not considered an equal right to American people. A huge misconception is the idea that gays have a choice to whom they can feel attracted to. Just as heterosexuals cannot distinguish who they are drawn to, neither can homosexua ls. Opposition movements promote that homosexuality is preventable. They believe living as a homosexual is not as at large(p) as it is portrayed in media.How can a member of the straight community say that homosexuality can be changed, or even if homosexuals can be happy or not. What about the research that has been proven that homosexuality is genetic? No one would ever choose a life that is face up with prejudice and discrimination. point if its ethnicity, religious beliefs or homosexuality. The same assumption of choice leads to the accusation that homosexuality is all about sex, which is called sexual perversion. Again, the truth is that homosexuality is multi-faceted. queerness is more about the love and affection than it is sex. Sex, in a committed relationship is about expressing love. This is true whether it may be in a heterosexual or homosexual relationship. Being gay defines who that person is and makes up his or her identity. Very few straights can comprehend this. I nstead, heterosexuals use their beliefs support for what normal should mean.The most repeated cases opposing gay marriages is the idea that it is immoral, but the immoral label is only based on religious perceptions. The First Amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Religion is not, supposed to be the basis for our countrys laws according to the first amendment. Nevertheless, most of the individuals against gay marriage try to stress their religious beliefs onto others and make those beliefs into laws. Not everyone is religiouslyinclined to the same morals and beliefs. The gay community is simply fighting to be free from religion in determining the laws of the country. The opposition believes marriage should be between man and a woman otherwise, the marriage would be untraditional. The anti-gay community as well believes same-sex marriages would threaten the basis of marriage. I strongly disagre e with this argument because no evidence can support this allegation.How does giving a person the right to bond threaten marriage? Why is the right to get married only given to the heterosexual society? Courts recently say there is no solid ground why gays should not be allowed to marry realizing the American principles of human rights. The reasoning behind such laws and beliefs seems more like direct prejudice rather than an arouse reason worthy of denying people their civil rights. All in all, much of what the straight community believes to be true about gays is based only on stereotypes. There are those who assume gays are promiscuous and are unable to form long lasting relationships. I believe these stereotypes are extremely inaccurate. Even though unstable and sex-based relationships exist in both the gay and the straight communities, they are usually among the younger generation and only represent a scurvy percentage.Gay marriage is defined as a legal union between members of the same sex. Ten percent of Americans, the size of the gay community, are denied the right to marry. The individuals representing this group want what every heterosexual has, the right to legally marry their life partner. As a country we need to move away from treasonably reasoning, whether it may be based on ignorance or prejudice. Every person needs to be allowed the civil right to wed his or her life partner. Our society must live up to the quota of the American dream. The Pledge of Allegiance states liberty and justice for all and so should every citizen in our country.

Literature and Human Behaviour Essay

Literature has been a major part of homosexual shade through and throughout strain existence. It has al charges been used as a way of defining how gentlemans gentlemans interact with each other. Literature is defined as the writings of a period, language, or country. If ancient times ar too to be considered, then myths, legends, and theatre, which passed down literary ideas, and social critiques before the time of the written word, should also be included in this definition.The plays of William Shakespeare are a unadulterated example of pieces of literary works that are not only entertaining, lit for literatures sake, but also provide great insight into human nature. In one form or another, literature is entrenched as an expression of the ways of humanity, and so by absorbing it, one sight gain a greater understanding of human behaviour.The human sciences offer a different angle to the understanding of human behaviour as literature does. Literature gives us insight into wha t is going on inside pots minds. How roundone from a culture that one might not understand, gestates. Many of Shakespeares plays are centered around the downf either of a particular character. This downfall arises from within the character, it is the result of a tragic flaw. The human sciences on the other hand, provide randomness on how humans interact with each other.They often involve social studies in which experiments involving the interactions of humans are observed and recorded. If for example some human scientists performed a particular experiment with enough people, and got a similar result each time, they can conclude that a human being is likely to act in a legitimate way, given the situation which was in the experiment. In this way human scientists can draw conclusions as to what is a normal reaction for a person to suck in in a situation, and can describe traits which are almost universal to humans.These human sciences give us a knowledge of the orthogonal aspec ts of human behaviour, which is extremely valuable to have. If for example, a police force wanted to know whether or not a new method they had developed for deterring graffito artists worked efficiently or not, they might perform a human science experiment, where they secretly test theirmethod on a sample of would-be graffitists. The results could speciate them if it would be productive for them to put together resources into developing and employing this method, or whether it was inefficient and would be a waste of resources.Literature will often delve deep into the human mind, to seek the unknown. Some literature may attempt to describe perceptions of the world from the mind of a serial killer. If written sanitary, and researched thoroughly, this literature would be enthralling, and probably disturbing, because it is inform us about the human behaviour of someone who is very different from ourselves. (hopefully) It would show to the reader an aspect of human behaviour that is not common among all people, but is infact rare.From this we would learn about an aspect which we did not have an understanding of, and would therefore increase our knowledge of human behaviour. Other literature may intermit something about people that relates to a great many people. People will engage with this literature because they will have some understanding of it, and so the halt would increase their knowledge of their own human behaviour, and would also show them that this human behaviour is common to many people.From this we can see that a study of literature can give someone a deeper understanding of what goes on in the human mind, and a study of the human sciences can allow someone to have a greater knowledge of the way that humans interact with each other, and certain situations they may be faced with.There are of course some problems with both of these ways of attaining knowledge of human behaviour. Although experiments can be done in the human sciences, they can neve r give a result which is ampere-second% accurate. They may provide a conclusion which will probably be correct in most cases, but its never certain. This is because of the fact that these experiments bus with people. People are not like objects in the experiments of natural sciences.They are prone to performing differently each time the experiment is carried out. For example, if sodium bi-carbonate is put in vinegar, it will cause an almost violent chemical reaction every time, but if icing sugar is put in,it will not. However, if a person suffering from a headache is given a painkiller, they might feel an easing of the pain, but if they are given a placebo pill, they might still think they are feeling an easing of the pain, but it would be purely psychological.This shows that what people expect to happen can alter the results of the experiment, and this gives the observer inconclusive answers. Basically, when looking at results achieved through the human sciences, we can not be t otally sure that we are learning anything about human behaviour, because we can never be certain that the results are completely accurate.There are also problems that can occur when trying to gain a greater understanding of human behaviour through the study of literature. I dont feel that all literature is valid for this purpose. If a piece of literature has not been well researched, and not well written, then its content may give a misrepresentation of the real world. A book written by an english pioneer on the subject of the lifestyle of the Aboriginal race may provide a bias and incorrect view. This would lead the reader to gain a perception of the human behaviour of that particular culture and people that does not coincide with the truth.If this is the case then it is clear that in order for somewhere to gain a greater understanding of human behaviour in reference to a particular culture, then a wide range of literature need to be considered. However, the pieces of literature th at give a bias or incorrect view neednt be totally disregarded. These pieces of literature, while they may not provide a sincere description of a culture or civilisation, they can often reflect on the culture that the author of the literature belongs too.They can give an idea of what kind of perceptions were held by that culture, on the other culture. This can add to our understanding of human behaviour because when several of these types of articles are read, patterns can emerge as to how a culture that is seemingly more civilised than other, views that less civilised culture.A wide study of literature, and an appreciation of the human sciences can greatly add to our understanding of human behaviour. Though often biases, and discrepancies in results have to be taken into account, they provide insight into what goes on inside the minds of people, and in what ways theyreact to other people and situations.When this sort of knowledge has been attained, one can have a greater understan ding of the human behaviour related to different cultures, different ages, different sexes, and it can also give them a greater understanding of themselves.BilbliographyThe World Book Dictionary, Doubelay & Company, Inc. 1982

Ganga River Pollution In India Environmental Sciences Essay

All of us have seen a river tolerant or little, either fluxing finished our town, or someplace else. Rivers are nil more than surface body of water fluxing down from a higher height to a frown height due to the pull of gravitation. One river might hold its first-class honours degree in a glacier, another in a spring or a lake. Rivers carry turn minerals, organic compounds, little grains of sand, crushed rock, and other stuff as they flow downstream. Rivers begin as little watercourses, which grow wider as little watercourse and rivers join them along their class across the land. Finally they flow into seas or oceans. Unfortunately close to of the universe s major rivers are to a great extent polluted.AThe contaminant of environment is the gift of the industrial revolution. Prior to this the agricultural civilizations created historic environmental impairment in the signifier of dirt erosion- through deforestation and overgrazing. The environmental debasement is a by me rchandise of modern finish.AThere has been a steady impairment in the timbre of H2O of Indian rivers over several decennaries. India s 14 major, 55 child and several hundred little rivers receive one C0000s of liters of sewer, industrial and agricultural wastes. Most of these rivers have been rendered to the degree of sewerage fluxing drains. There are serious H2O quality jobs in the metropoliss, towns and small towns utilizing these Waterss. Water borne diseases are rampant, piscaries are on diminution, and even cowss are non spared from the onslaught of pollution.Harmonizing to worldly concern Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) five rivers in Asia functioning over 870 meg people are among the just about threatened in the universe, as dikes, H2O extraction and clime alteration all take their toll.The gang, Indus, Yangtze, Salween-Nu and Mekong-Lan johng rivers make up half of the WWF s top 10 most threatened river basins.India has a big figure of rivers that are line of lifes for the 1000000s populating along their Bankss. These rivers can be categorized into four groups1.Rivers that flow down from the Himalayas and are supplied by runing snow and glaciers. This is why these are perennial, that is, they neer dry up during the twelvemonth.2. The Deccan Plateau Rivers, which depend on rainfall for their H2O.3. The coastal rivers, particularly those on the West seashore, which are short and do non carry H2O throughout the twelvemonth.4. The rivers in the inland drainage basin of west Rajasthan, which depend on the rains. These rivers usually drain towards silt lakes or flux into the sand.River Ganga ( Ganges ) of India has been held in high regard since clip immemorial and Hindus from all over the universe cherish the thought of a holy dip in the river to a lower place the religion that by making so they will acquire rid of their wickednesss of life. More than 400 million people live along the Ganges River. An estimated 2,000,000 individuals ceremoniously b athe daily in the river. Historically besides, Ganga is the most of import river of the state and beyond uncertainty is closely connected with the history of civilisation as can be noticed from the location of the ancient metropoliss of Hardwar, Prayag, Kashi and Patliputra at its bank. To 1000000s of people it is upholder of life through battalion of canal system and irrigation of the blowing burden. Hundreds of the small towns and even the boastful metropoliss depend for their absorb H2O on this river. It is believed, a fact which has besides been find, that the H2O of Ganga neer decays even for months and old ages when H2O of other rivers and bureaus begins to develop bacteriums and Fungis inwardly a twosome of yearss. This self purification feature of Ganga is the key to the sanctity and holiness of its H2O. The combination of bacteriophages and big populations of people bathing in the river have ostensibly produced a self-purification aftermath, in which water-borne bacter iums such as dysentery and cholera are killed off, forestalling large-scale epidemics. The river besides has an unusual ability to retain dissolved O.With turning civilisation and population all over how long Ganga will retain its ego purification features merely clip can judge.A A A A A ABeginningsAThe Gangotri A Glacier, a huge sweep of ice five stat mis by 15, at the foothills of the Himalayas ( 14000 foot ) in North Uttar Pradesh is the beginning of Bhagirathi, which joins with Alaknanda ( origins aboutby ) to aim Ganga at the cragged canyon-carved town of Devprayag. Interestingly, the beginnings of Indus and the Brahmaputra are besides geographically reasonably near the former goes through Himachal Pradesh and fans out through Punjab and Sind ( Pakistan ) into the Arabian Sea. The latter classs for most of its enormous length under assorted names through Tibet/ chinaware, neer far from the Nepal or Indian boundary lines, and so takes a crisp turn near the northeasterly tip of India, gathers momentum through Assam before fall ining the major watercourse of the Ganga near Dacca in Bangladesh to go the mighty Padma, river of b slightedness and grieve for much of Bangladesh. From Devprayag to the Bay of Bengal and the vastA Sunderbans delta, the Ganga flows some 1550 stat mis, passing ( and giving life to ) some of the most thickly settled metropoliss of India, including Kanpur ( 2 million ) , Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, and Calcutta ( 14 million ) .AThe largest feeder to the Ganga is the Ghaghara, which meets it before Patna, in Bihar, bearing much of the Himalayan glacier thaw from Northern Nepal. The Gandak, which comes from near Katmandu, is another large Himalayan feeder. Other of import rivers that liquefy with the Ganga are the Son, which originates in the hills of Madhya Pradesh, the Gomti which flows yesteryear Lucknow.Previous WorkA figure of probes have been carried out on the physiochemical and biologic characters of the Ganga. Lakshminaray ana ( 1965 ) published a series of documents describing the consequences of surveies carried out at Varanasi during the period between March, 1957 and March, 1958. it was observed by him that the values of the most of the parametric quantities decreased during showery season while no pronounced fluctuation was observed during winters and shopping mallmers.In the same twelvemonth Chakraborty et.al. ( 1965 ) from Kanpur report the H2O quality of Ganga at J.K. Rayon s H2O consumption flow and at Golaghat and Bhairoghat pumping Stationss situated at the upstream of the river. It was concluded that the H2O quality bit by bit deteriorated as it passes from Bhairoghat pumping station to the J.K. Rayon H2O consumption point in summers because in this stretch the river have waste Waterss from figure of sewerage drains.A A twelvemonth subsequently Saxena et.al. ( 1966 ) made a systematic study of the chemical measure of Ganga at Kanpur. Harmonizing to the come, the biological O demand, i. e. B.O.D. varied from 5.3ppm ( lower limit ) in winter to 16.0ppm ( upper limit ) in summer. The chloride ranged between 9.2 and 12.7 ppm and the river was found to be alkalic in spirit except in rainy season. He concluded that the tanneries significantly increased the pollution burden of river as they discharge immense sums of wastewaters incorporating organic wastes and heavy metals. It was provided reported that 40 five tanneries, ten fabric Millss and several other industrial units discharged 37.15 million gallon per twenty-four hours of waste H2O dally forthing BOD burden of about 61630 Kg/day.Subsequently Agarwal et.al. ( 1976 ) stu disclosed the bacteriological population of the river H2O and concluded that add-on of untreated waste and sewerage was responsible for(p) for the presence of infective bes presenting menace to the occupants of the Varanasi metropolis.Hydrobiological characteristics of the river Ganga was studied by A Pahwa and Mehrotra ( 1966 ) . The writers studied a stretch of 1090 kilometer. of river Ganga widening from Kanpur in West to Rajmahal, in Jharkhand province, in the E. They reported that the turbidness was supreme ( 1100-2170 ppm ) in monsoon and lower limit ( less than100 ppm ) during January to June. The pH of the river H2O ranged between 7.45 ( lower limit ) during June to August and 8.30 ( upper limit ) during January to May. The dissolved O, i.e. D.O. count ranged from 5.0 to 10.5 ppm with maximal values during January and February. While the minimal values were recorded in monsoon.Bhargava ( 1982 ) in a study of entire length of the river Ganga found that quality index was far above the prescribed bound at Kanpur. He farther found that the Ganga H2O was holding remarkably fast renewing mental object by conveying down B.O.D. owing to the presence of big sum of good adopted microorganism. Harmonizing to the research Ganga is rich in polymers excreted by assorted species of bacteriums. These polymers being first-class coagulators take turbidness by curdling, puting the suspended atoms at the sewerage discharge point.At the 1981 session of Indian Science Congress at Varanasi, scientists verbalized concern at the turning pollution in the river Ganga in presence of the so Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi who inaugurated the session. At her case, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the so member, Planning Commission asked the primeval Board for Preventation and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi to carry on surveies on the province of the river Ganga. In coaction with the State Pollution Control Boards of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal and the Centre for survey of Man and Environment Kolkata ( Calcutta ) , surveies were conducted on the Sources of pollution including all adult male activities, land usage form and H2O quality of the river at selected sites during 1981-82 and study entitled Basin, sub-basin var. list of H2O pollution in the Ganga basin part-II was published in 1984. harmonizing to this study sewerage of 27 category I metropoliss and towns and wastewaters from 137 major industries were the chief beginning of pollution of the river. In add-on cremation of dead human organic structures and dumping of carcases aggrevated the pollution of the river.It was Chandra ( 1981 ) who conducted surveies on the pollution position of river Ganga at Allahabad, pointed out that industries fabricating nitrogen-bearing fertilisers have important function in fouling the river water.AStudy carried out in 1986-87 on physico-chemical belongingss of river Ganga H2O at Buxar ( Unnao ) clearly revealed that extent of pollution varied in different seasons. ordinarily all the 23 parametric quantities studied showed high values in summer and lower during monsoons except turbidness which was high in rainy season. Valuess of BOD, COD, DO and H2S were recorded high than the tolerance bounds.Survey on H2O quality of river Ganga at Kalakankar ( Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh ) revealed that even at s uch a distant and placid topographic point like Kalakankar the river H2O was non safe and sound for imbibing and bathing. It was besides noted that the river showed an alkaline tendency throughout the class of survey.Harmonizing to the research done by Mehrotra ( 1990 ) , the assorted beginnings responsible for pollution of the river in Varanasi metropolis are domestic sewerage wastewaters of the industries, combustion of dead organic structures at the ghats, usage of detergents, insect powders and pesticides utilise in agribusiness. Study revealed the presence of cyanogenetic metals likeA quicksilver ( 65 to 520ppb ) , Lead ( less than 10 to 800 ppm ) , Cr ( less than 10 to 200 ppm ) and nickel ( less than 10 to 130 ppm ) in the deposits of Ganga river at Varanasi city.A A AUpstream from Varanasi, one of the major pilgrims journey sites along the river, the H2O is relatively pure, holding a lowA Biochemical O demandA and faecal coliform count. Surveies conducted in 1983 on H2O samples taken from the right bank of the Ganga at Patna confirm thatA escheria coliA ( E.Coli. ) , faecal streptococcus and vibrio cholerae beings die two to three times faster in the Ganga than in H2O taken from the rivers Son and Gandak and from dug Wellss and tubing Wellss in the same country.The chemical pollution of the river Ganga in Patna metropolis in Bihar province has been found slightly dismaying beside the storm drain, particularly in the parts like Rajapur, Mandiri and Krishnaghat.Harmonizing to the study published in a book by Mr. U.K. Sinha ( 1986 ) , the concentration of Fe is higher in deposits collected from 10 meters along the bank at Mandiri part. The concentration of all the toxic metals i.e Cu, Zn, Ni and Co are higher in all the deposits collected from near the storm drain and diminishes towards mid-region of the river. The concentration of Zn is highest in the deposits collected from near the Mandiri storm drain, Antaghat storm drain and Krishnaghat storm dra in.The concentration of Cu is highest in the deposits collected from near the Krishnaghat storm drain proposing the presence Cu due to instrument work being done in Thatheri Bazar and infirmary wastes besides, said study.Present state of affairsFor some clip now, this romantic position of the Ganges has collided with India s inexorable worlds. During the past three decennaries, the state s explosive growing ( at about 1.2 billion people, India s population is 2nd merely to China s ) , industrialisation and rapid urbanisation have put dogged force per unit area on the sacred watercourse.AGanga, the most sacred of rivers for Hindus, has hold up polluted for some old ages now. But a recent survey by Uttarakhand Environment Conservation and Pollution Control Board says that the degree of pollution in the sanctum river has reached dismaying proportions.AThingss have come to such a base on balls that the Ganga H2O is at present non fit merely for imbibing and bathing but has become unse rviceable even for agricultural intents.As per the UECPCB survey, while the degree of coliform nowadays in H2O should be below 50 for imbibing intents, less than 500 for bathing and below 5000 for agricultural use-the present degree of coliform in Ganga at Haridwar has reached 5500.ABased on the degree of coliform, dissolved O and biochemical O, the survey put the H2O in A, B, C and D classs. While A class is considered tantrum for imbibing, B for bathing, C for agribusiness and D is for immoderate pollution degree.ASince the Ganga Waterss at Haridwar have more than 5000 coliform and even the degree of dissolved O and biochemical O does nt conform the prescribed criterions, it has been put in the D class.AHarmonizing to the survey, the chief cause of high degree of coliform in Ganga is due to disposal of human fecal matters, urine and sewage straight into the river from its get downing point in Gaumukh till it reaches Haridwar via Rishikesh.AAbout 89 million liters of sewerage is d aily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its path boulder clay Haridwar. The sum of sewerage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when about 15 lakh pilgrims visit the province between May and October each twelvemonth.AApart from sewerage disposal of half-burnt human organic structures at Haridwar and risky medical waste from the base infirmary at Srinagar due to absence of an incinerator are besides adding to pollution degrees in the Ganga.AThe consequence has been the gradual violent death of one of India s most cherished resources. One stretch of the Yamuna River, the Ganges chief feeder, has been devoid of all aquatic animals for at least a decennary.AIn Varanasi, India s most sacred metropolis, the coliform bacterial count is at least 3,000 times higher than the standard established as safe by the United Nations universe Health A Organization.A A ColiformA are bacillar bacteriums that are usually found in the colons of worlds and animate beings and go a serious contamination when found in the nutrient or H2O supply.AA survey by Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department pf Zoology, Patna University, showed the presence of quicksilver in the Ganga river in Varanasi metropolis. Harmonizing to the survey, yearly average concentration of quicksilver in the river H2O was 0.00023 ppm. The concentration ranged from NT ( non traceable ) to 0.00191 ppm.Study done by Indian Toxicological interrogation Centre ( ITRC ) , Lucknow during 1986-1992 showed maximal one-year concentration of quicksilver in the Ganga river H2O at Rishikesh, Allahabad territory and Dakshineswar as 0.081, 0.043 and 0.012 ppb severally.AGanga river at Varanasi was found good within the maximal allowable criterion of 0.001 ppm prescribed for imbibing H2O by the World Health Organization.The quicksilver studied in the Ganga river could be traced in biotic any bit good as abiotic constituents of the river at the survey site. The Hind u fans take bath in the river where quicksilver was detected in 28 % , 44 % ,75 % , 96 % , 42 % and 89 % of the river H2O, deposit, benthal zoology, fish, dirt and flora samples severally.AThough mercury taint of the river H2O has non reached an alarming extent, its presence in the river system is unreassuring. In the survey one-year average concentration of the metal in the deposits was 0.067 ppm. Sediments constitute a major pool of quicksilver in fresh H2O.AAs Ganga enters the Varanasi metropolis, Hinduism s sacred river contains 60,000 fecal coliform bacteriums per 100 milliliters, 120 times more than is considered safe for bathing. Four stat mis downriver, with inputs from 24 spurting cloacas and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is 3,000 times over the safety bound. In topographic points, the Ganges becomes dark-skinned and infected. Cadavers, of semi-cremated grownups or enshrouded babes, impetus easy by.AThe tannery industry mushrooming in North India has converted the Ganga River into a dumping land. The tanning industry discharges different types of waste into the environment, chiefly in the signifier of liquid wastewaters incorporating organic affairs, Cr, sulphide ammonium and other salts. As per an estimation, approximately 80-90 % of the tanneries use Cr as a tanning agent. Of this, the fells take up merely 50-70 % , while the remainder is discharged as wastewater. Pollution becomes acute when tanneries are concentrated in bunchs in little country like Kanpur. Consequently, the Leather-tanning field is included in the Red class of industries due to the possible inauspicious environmental impact caused by tannery wastes.AHighly contaminated deposits are adversely impacting the ecological operating room of rivers due to heavy metal mobilisation from urban countries into biosphere. Distribution of heavy metals in deposits of the river Ganga and its feeders have been carried out by several workers. Monitoring of Ganga River from Rishikesh to Varanasi indicated that Kannauj to Kanpur and Varanasi are the most contaminated stretches of the river Ganga. Analysis of upstream and down stream H2O and deposit revealed a 10-fold addition in chromium degree.A

How Religion Positively Influence The World Essay

Religion has played a very significant quality in human life right from the moment the individual could realize the fact of his exis decennaryce and made an effort to chthonianstand it in relation to the vast, appear nature. Whether we like it or not, piety has wielded immense influence on the individual life and the society constituted by him. August Comte has stated that the evolution of humanness took place through three stages, which he has described as theological, metaphysical, and positive states. Scholars piddle made efforts to understand the origin of theology in their own ship canal.For example, Hegel and crowd together Frazer thought that devotion is born out of magic E. B. Taylor on the other hand saw the origin of religion in animism Herbert Spencer expressed the panorama that religion came into being because of cult of ancestor worship Max Muller propounded the view that a feeling of awe towards nature was responsible for the birth of religion Emile Durkheim came out with a view according to which religion is a product of rights and rituals characterizing a society. Religion is the phenomena, which is accepted by the people of the whole world.Weather directly or indirectly. from each one and every person of the world have accepted religion because it only the religion by which whole world is controlled. If the religion is not there no body would control him/herself by the evil routines. Only the mane of God controls the human being by doing evil deeds. Before doing the wrong deed every person feels that God is looking at him/her. Religion influences society but happily the street is many bible-quoting Christians vehemently opposed two ways the abolitionist movement of mid nineteenth century .And we cannot phrase that these fumblecere believers were merely citing passages out of context. It must be admitted that the whole biblical era and the generators of sanctified writ cond angiotensin converting enzymed gross inequality includ ed slavery Similarly Christianity and the other world religions were obviously founded in and influenced by a common sexist past, one which unfortunately continues in varying degrees to live in and through them. So society has and can positively influenced religion. This is necessary unless religion is to retreat to pre rational forms of cable and support absolutism that today claims limited respect.John Cobb jr. shows insight in his modest contention that in addition to grounding and motivating the honorable concern it sh ars with secular humanism, spiritual faith provide an ethos and a world view and it affects the people and communities involved. Americans Struggle with Religions role at root and Abroad As a religious people, Americans atomic number 18 unsure about how to judge a world that seems increasingly in conflict along religious lines. The public overwhelmingly sees religions influence in the world and the nation as a good thing.And by 51%- 28%, Americans opine the lesson of September 11 is that there is too little, not too much religion in the world. But the public does not see all of religions effects as positive. A 65% majority believes that religion plays a significant role in virtually wars and conflicts in the world. Further, fleck most say that Islam is no more likely to uphold violence than Other religions, a plurality of Americans believes that, in general. Some religions are more likely than others to encourage violence.Those who think that some religions are more violent than others are more likely to see widespread anti America n sentiments among Muslims. The Christian writer Paul wrote, God leave alone give to each person according to what he has done. To those who by persistence in doing good seek glory, honor and immortality, he will give eternal life. But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger. There will be trouble and distress for every human being who doe s evil first for the Jew, then for the Gentile. For God does not show favoritism.All who sin aside from the law will also perish apart from the law, and the law will judge all who sin under the law. For it is not those who hear the law who are righteous in Gods sight, but it is those who obey the law who will be declared righteous. (Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law, they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law since they show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts now accusing, now even defending them).Young People More Influenced Positively A majority of those under age 30 express a favorable view of Muslim- Americans, Muslims, and Islam alike (57%, 57% and 51% respectively). Other Americans generally have a favorable opinion of Muslim-Americans however, they express more skepticism toward Muslims and Islam. Americans age 65 and older in particular express mixed views when it comes to Muslims and Islam. By 43%- 25%, members of this group say they feel favorably towards Muslim Americans, but seniors who were asked about Muslims wanderd them less positively (30% favorable 30% unfavorable).Just one- in- four has a favorable opinion of Islam, while 37% express an unfavorable opinion. College- educated Americans also express more favorable views of Muslims and Islam than those who did not attend college. Education has particularly strong effect on perceptions of the Islamic religion. While about half (52%) of college graduates have a favorable view of Islam, just 29% of those who never attended colleges agree. Among religious groups, white evangelical Protestants have the least favorable view of Islam.Fully 45% of white evangelical say they have an unfavorable opinion of Islam, compared with just 29% who rate religion favorable. White evangelicals also are most likely to say they have an unfavorably view of Muslim-Americans. As many as three- in ten feel unfavorably toward Muslim-Americans, compared, with about two-in ten among other major religious groups. Still, this is less than the 38% of white evangelicals who rated Muslim-Americans unfavorably a year ago. Modern Reasons for bail To Religion 1.Authority Most religions are authoritarian in nature, and thus provide their adherents with spiritual and moral role models, who they believe can bring exceedingly positive influences both to adherents and influences both to adherents and society in general. 2. Supernatural data link Most religions postulate a reality which includes both the natural and the saupernatural. Most adherents of religion consider this to be of critical importance, since it permits belief in unseen and otherwise potentially unknowable aspects of life, includeing hope of eternal life. 3.Moderation Many religions have approaches that asseverate practices that place limitations on the behaviour of their adheren ts. This is seen by many as a positive influence, potentially protecting adherents from the destructive or even fatal excesses to which they mightiness otherwise be susceptible. Many people from many faiths contend that their faith brings them fulfillment, peace, and joy, apart from worldly interests. 4. Fulfillment Most traditional religions require sacrifice of their followers, but, in turn, the followers may gain much from their membership therein.Thus, they come away from experiences with these religions with the feeling that their needs have been filled. In fact, studies have shown that religious adherents tend to be happier and less prone to stree than non-religious people. 5. community ans culture Organized religions promote a sense of community among their followers, and the moral and cultural common ground of these communities makes them enchanting to people with the same value. Indeed, while religious belief and practices are usually connected, some individual with subst antially secular belief still participates in religious practices for cultural reasons.Conclusion Religious belief refers to a faith or creed concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine. It may concern the existence, nature and worship of a diety or deities and divine involvement in the universe and human life. It may also relate to the values and practices based on the teaching of a supernatural leader. conflicting other belief syatems, religious belief tends to be codified. While often used synonomously with religion, according to this religious belief wikk be assumed to refer to ideas quite an than practices.Religion cannot add or subtract any thing from the plausibility of any scientific theory. But this does not mean that religion has no connection with science. Our proposal, perhaps appearing a bit audacious in tone but actually quiet modest in motivation, is that religion, properly understood, confirms the entire scientific enterprise. It does so by justifying g the fund amental trust that nourishes all scientific in query. Our conviction is that we can go beyond conflict, contrast, and even contact in formulating religions relationship to science.Here we are claiming specifically that faith in a personal god has a unique capacity to confirm our trust in realitys endless intelligibility, a trust without which scientific in query is hopelessly crippled Religion is a phenomenon, which is propagated in the whole world. Each and every person has adopted and positively influenced with it. Whether a person is male or a female they make prayers and always feel his appearance they have accepted the existence of God, who always looked after them. Most of the people spiritually and psychologically come into contact with God, truth and spiritual power.They feel that the religion frees them from deception, sin and spiritual death. Religion has its own significance in the life of human being.References1- The Divine Religion Bhagawat Dharma and Culture R. N. Vyas Cosmo Publication New Delhi1984.2- What is a Person? An ethical Exploration By James William Walters Published by university of Illinois . Press1989.3- http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religious_belief4- science and religion from conflict to conversation John F. Haught Paulist Press1987.5- http//p eople-press. org/reports/display. php3

Cause and Effects of Watching Too Much Television Essay

Cause and effects of watching too much idiot box Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome bowl we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be ominously affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. Television was also invented with positive thoughts in take care there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc.However, we are now trying to overcome its physiologic and psychological inauspicious effects on human beings. People mainly watch television for entertainment especially when they are bored or have nothing to do. It is also used for relaxing, as most people like to sit and back and relax while watching their favourite television show. Watching the television however, may become addictive and a hard habit to break. There are many effects of watching too m uch television. One of the physiological effects of watching television in excessive amounts is eye-strain.It is true that there are specifications for watching television television should be 5 m. away from the eye, the live should be adequately lit, television should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting trite if we keep watching television for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching television and alimentation snacks everyday (there is even a term television snacks to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the television).Television is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it it is addictive. Apart from the physiological effects, television also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being clear to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on television, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the social communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people prove to relax n front of the television, and generally people prefer watching television to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces. Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. Television is one of such inventions that need to be used for the proper(a) purpose only being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much television.

Angels Demons Chapter 121-125

121The camerlegno erupted d genius the doors of St. Peters Basilica at exactly 1156 P.M. He staggered into the dazzle glargon of the world spotlight, carrying the antimatter before him worry nearly sort of numinous offering. Through burning eye he could see his own form, half-naked and wounded, towering wish a giant on the media screens almost the squ atomic number 18. The pule that went up from the crowd in St. Peters Square was exchangeable none the camerlegno had perpetu on the wholey heard crying, screaming, chanting, praying a flick of veneration and terror.Deliver us from evil, he whispered.He matte tot singley depleted from his race protrude of the Necropolis. It had almost completeed in disaster. Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra had wanted to intercept him, to throw the tin can back into its subterranean coert place, to run protrudeside for cover. Blind foolsThe camerlegno realized now, with fearful clarity, that on any other night, he would never induce w on the race. Tonight, however, God again had been with him. Robert Langdon, on the verge of overtaking the camerlegno, had been grabbed by Chartrand, ever trust and dutiful to the camerlegnos demands for faith. The reporters, of course, were spellbound and lugging too much equipment to interfere.The Lord works in mysterious ways.The camerlegno could hear the others keister him now see them on the screens, closing in. Mustering the last of his physical strength, he raised the antimatter heights over his full point. indeed, throwing back his bare shoulders in an act of defiance to the Illuminati brand on his chest, he dashed muckle the stairs. in that location was one final act.Godspeed, he thought. Godspeed.Four minutesLangdon could barely see as he burst pop(a)(p) of the basilica. over again the sea of media lights bore into his retinas. All he could shew break through and through was the muddied turn outline of the camerlegno, directly ahead of him, running down the s tairs. For an instant, refulgent in his halo of media lights, the camerlegno looked celestial, like some kind of modern deity. His cassock was at his waist like a shroud. His body was scarred and wounded by the hands of his enemies, and still he endured. The camerlegno ran on, stand up tall, calling out to the world to have faith, running toward the crowd carrying this weapon of destruction.Langdon ran down the stairs after him. What is he doing? He will kill them allSatans work, the camerlegno screamed, has no place in the House of God He ran on toward a now terrified crowd. obtain Langdon screamed, behind him. Theres nowhere to go opinion to the heavens We forget to look to the heavensIn that moment, as Langdon saw where the camerlegno was headed, the glorious truth came flooding all around him. Although Langdon could not see it on composition of the lights, he knew their salvation was directly knock.A star-filled Italian flick. The escape route.The helicopter the camerlegno had summoned to take him to the hospital sit down dead ahead, pilot already in the cockpit, blades already humming in neutral. As the camerlegno ran toward it, Langdon felt a sudden overwhelming exhilaration.The thoughts that tore through Langdons mind came as a torrentFirst he pictured the wide-open chimneysweeper of the Mediterranean Sea. How far was it? Five miles? Ten? He knew the beach at Fiumocino was only about seven minutes by train. But by helicopter, 200 miles an hour, no loot If they could fly the canister far enough out to sea, and drop it There were other options too, he realized, sapidity almost weightless as he ran. La Cava Romana The marble quarries north of the city were less than one-third miles away(predicate). How giving were they? Two square miles? Certainly they were deserted at this hour Dropping the canister in that respectEveryone back the camerlegno yelled. His chest ached as he ran. Get away flatThe Swiss Guard standing around the helicopter stoo d slack-jawed as the camerlegno approached them.Back the priest screamed.The guards moved back.With the entire world watching in wonder, the camerlegno ran around the chopper to the pilots door and yanked it open. Out, son NowThe guard jumped out.The camerlegno looked at the mellow cockpit seat and knew that in his exhausted state, he would need both hands to pull himself up. He move to the pilot, trembling beside him, and wringing the canister into his hands. Hold this. Hand it back when Im in.As the camerlegno pulled himself up, he could hear Robert Langdon yelling excitedly, running toward the craft. Now you understand, the camerlegno thought. Now you have faithThe camerlegno pulled himself up into the cockpit, ad incisivelyed a few familiar levers, and then turned back to his window for the canister.But the guard to whom he had given the canister stood empty-handed. He took it the guard yelled.The camerlegno felt his soreness seize. WhoThe guard pointed. HimRobert Langdon w as surprised by how heavy the canister was. He ran to the other side of the chopper and jumped in the rear compartment where he and Vittoria had sat only hours ago. He left the door open and buckled himself in. wherefore he yelled to the camerlegno in the front seat.Fly, FatherThe camerlegno craned back at Langdon, his face bloodless with dread. What are you doingYou fly Ill throw Langdon barked. Theres no time Just fly the blessed chopperThe camerlegno seemed momentarily paralyzed, the media lights transparent through the cockpit darkening the creases in his face. I can do this alone, he whispered. I am vatic to do this alone.Langdon wasnt listening. Fly he heard himself screaming. Now Im here to help you Langdon looked down at the canister and felt his breath catch in his throat when he saw the numbers. one-third minutes, Father ThreeThe number seemed to stun the camerlegno back to sobriety. Without hesitation, he turned back to the controls. With a grinding roar, the helicopt er raise off.Through a swirl of dust, Langdon could see Vittoria running toward the chopper. Their eyes met, and then she dropped away like a sinking stone.122Inside the chopper, the whine of the engines and the gale from the open door assaulted Langdons senses with a deafen chaos. He steadied himself against the overdone drag of gravity as the camerlegno accelerated the craft straight up. The glow of St. Peters Square shrank beneath them until it was an amorphous glowing ellipse radiating in a sea of city lights.The antimatter canister felt like deadweight in Langdons hands. He held tighter, his palms slick now with sweat and blood. Inside the trap, the globule of antimatter hovered calmly, pulsing red in the glow of the LED countdown clock.Two minutes Langdon yelled, wondering where the camerlegno intended to drop the canister.The city lights beneath them spread out in all directions. In the distance to the west, Langdon could see the twinkling delineation of the Mediterranean coast a jagged border of luminescence beyond which spread an endless dark expanse of nothingness. The sea looked further now than Langdon had imagined. Moreover, the concentration of lights at the coast was a stark reminder that even far out at sea an explosion might have devastating effects. Langdon had not even considered the effects of a ten-kiloton tidal wave whipting the coast.When Langdon turned and looked straight ahead through the cockpit window, he was to a greater extent take toful. direct in front of them, the rolling shadows of the Roman foothills loomed in the night. The hills were spotted with lights the villas of the very wealthy but a mile or so north, the hills grew dark. There were no lights at all just a extensive pocket of blackness. Nothing.The quarries Langdon thought. La Cava RomanaStaring intently at the barren pocket of land, Langdon sensed that it was plenty large enough. It seemed blotto, too. Much closer than the ocean. Excitement surged through him. This was obviously where the camerlegno planned to take the antimatter The chopper was pointing directly toward it The quarries Oddly, however, as the engines strained louder and the chopper hurtled through the air, Langdon could see that the quarries were not getting any closer. Bewildered, he archeological site a glance out the side door to get his bearings. What he saw doused his excitement in a wave of panic. Directly beneath them, thousands of feet straight down, glowed the media lights in St. Peters Square.Were still over the VaticanCamerlegno Langdon choked. Go forward Were high enough Youve got to start moving forward We cant drop the canister back over Vatican CityThe camerlegno did not reply. He appeared to be concentrating on f craft the craft.Weve got less than two minutes Langdon shouted, holding up the canister. I can see them La Cava Romana A couple of miles north We dont have No, the camerlegno said. Its far too dangerous. Im sorry. As the chopper continued t o claw heavenward, the camerlegno turned and gave Langdon a mournful smile. I adjure you had not come, my friend. You have made the ultimate sacrifice.Langdon looked in the camerlegnos exhausted eyes and perfectly understood. His blood turned to ice. But in that location must be somewhere we can goUp, the camerlegno replied, his voice resigned. Its the only guarantee.Langdon could barely think. He had all in all misinterpreted the camerlegnos plan. Look to the heavensHeaven, Langdon now realized, was illumeerally where he was headed. The camerlegno had never intended to drop the antimatter. He was scarce getting it as far away from Vatican City as humanly possible.This was a one-way trip.123In St. Peters Square, Vittoria Vetra stared upward. The helicopter was a speck now, the media lights no longer reaching it. Even the pounding of the rotors had faded to a distant hum. It seemed, in that instant, that the entire world was focused upward, silenced in anticipation, necks craned to the heavens all peoples, all faiths all hearts beating as one.Vittorias emotions were a cyclone of twisting agonies. As the helicopter disappeared from sight, she pictured Roberts face, ascending in a higher place her. What had he been thinking? Didnt he understand?Around the square, television cameras probed the unfairness, waiting. A sea of faces stared heavenward, coupled in a silent countdown. The media screens all flickered the same tranquil scene a Roman jactitate illuminated with brilliant stars. Vittoria felt the tears begin to well.Behind her on the marble escarpment, 161 cardinals stared up in silent awe. slightly folded their hands in prayer. Most stood motionless, transfixed. Some wept. The seconds ticked past.In homes, bars, businesses, airports, hospitals around the world, souls were joined in universal witness. Men and women locked hands. Others held their children. Time seemed to hover in limbo, souls suspended in unison.Then, cruelly, the bells of St. Pete rs began to toll.Vittoria let the tears come.Then with the whole world watching time ran out.The dead silence of the event was the most terrifying of all. risque above Vatican City, a pinpoint of light appeared in the sky. For a fleeting instant, a new supernal body had been born a speck of light as pure and white as anyone had ever seen.Then it chanceed.A flash. The point billowed, as if feeding on itself, unraveling across the sky in a dilating radius of blinding white. It shot out in all directions, accelerating with incomprehensible speed, gobbling up the dark. As the orbit of light grew, it intensified, like a burgeoning fiend preparing to consume the entire sky. It raced downward, toward them, picking up speed.Blinded, the multitudes of starkly lit human faces gasped as one, shielding their eyes, crying out in strangled fear.As the light roared out in all directions, the unimaginable occurred. As if bound by Gods own will, the surging radius seemed to hit a wall. It was as i f the explosion were contained somehow in a giant glass demesne. The light rebounded inward, sharpening, rippling across itself. The wave appeared to have reached a predetermined diameter and hovered there. For that instant, a perfect and silent sphere of light glowed over Rome. Night had become day.Then it hit.The concussion was deep and hollow a deafening shock wave from above. It descended on them like the wrath of hell, shaking the granite foundation of Vatican City, knocking the breath out of peoples lungs, sending others stumbling backward. The reverberation circled the colonnade, followed by a sudden torrent of warm air. The wind tore through the square, letting out a sepulchral moan as it whistled through the columns and buffeted the walls. Dust swirled overhead as people huddled witnesses to Armageddon.Then, as fast as it appeared, the sphere imploded, sucking back in on itself, c cannonball alonging inward to the tiny point of light from which it had come.124Never befo re had so umpteen been so silent.The faces in St. Peters Square, one by one, averted their eyes from the darkening sky and turned downward, each soulfulness in his or her own private moment of wonder. The media lights followed suit, dropping their beams back to state as if out of reverence for the blackness now settling upon them. It seemed for a moment the entire world was bowing its head in unison.Cardinal Mortati knelt to pray, and the other cardinals joined him. The Swiss Guard lowered their long swords and stood numb. No one spoke. No one moved. Everywhere, hearts shuddered with spontaneous emotion. Bereavement. Fear. Wonder. Belief. And a dread-filled respect for the new and awesome power they had just witnessed.Vittoria Vetra stood trembling at the foot of the basilicas sweeping stairs. She closed her eyes. Through the tempest of emotions now coursing through her blood, a single word tolled like a distant bell. Pristine. Cruel. She forced it away. And so far the word echo ed. Again she drove it back. The pain was too great. She tried to lose herself in the images that blazed in others minds antimatters mind-boggling power the Vaticans speech the camerlegno feats of bravery miracles selflessness. And still the word echoed tolling through the chaos with a stinging loneliness.Robert.He had come for her at Castle St. Angelo.He had saved her.And now he had been destroyed by her creation.As Cardinal Mortati prayed, he wondered if he too would hear Gods voice as the camerlegno had. Does one need to believe in miracles to bed them? Mortati was a modern man in an ancient faith. Miracles had never played a part in his belief. Certainly his faith spoke of miracles bleeding palms, ascensions from the dead, imprints on shrouds and yet, Mortatis rational mind had always justified these accounts as part of the myth. They were simply the result of mans greatest weakness his need for proof. Miracles were nothing but stories we all clung to because we wished they w ere true.And yetAm I so modern that I cannot accept what my eyes have just witnessed? It was a miracle, was it not? Yes God, with a few whispered words in the camerlegnos ear, had intervened and saved this church. Why was this so sturdy to believe? What would it say about God if God had done nothing? That the Almighty did not administer? That He was powerless to stop it? A miracle was the only possible responseAs Mortati knelt in wonder, he prayed for the camerlegnos soul. He gave thanks to the young chamberlain who, even in his youthful years, had opened this old mans eyes to the miracles of implicit faith.Incredibly, though, Mortati never suspected the extent to which his faith was about to be testedThe silence of St. Peters Square stony-broke with a ripple at first. The ripple grew to a murmur. And then, suddenly, to a roar. Without warning, the multitudes were crying out as one.Look LookMortati opened his eyes and turned to the crowd. Everyone was pointing behind him, toward the front of St. Peters Basilica. Their faces were white. Some fell to their knees. Some fainted. Some burst into uncontrollable sobs.Look LookMortati turned, bewildered, following their outstretched hands. They were pointing to the uppermost level of the basilica, the rooftop terrace, where huge statues of saviour and his apostles watched over the crowd.There, on the right of Jesus, arms outstretched to the world stood Camerlegno Carlo Ventresca.125Robert Langdon was no longer retroverting.There was no more terror. No pain. Not even the sound of the racing wind. There was only the touchy sound of lapping water, as though he were comfortably asleep on a beach.In a paradox of self-awareness, Langdon sensed this was expiry. He felt glad for it. He allowed the drifting numbness to ingest him entirely. He let it carry him wherever it was he would go. His pain and fear had been anesthetized, and he did not wish it back at any price. His final memory had been one that could only have been conjured in hell. agree me. PleaseBut the lapping that lulled in him a far-off sense of peace was also draw him back. It was trying to awaken him from a dream. No Let me be He did not want to awaken. He sensed demons gathering on the perimeter of his bliss, pounding to shatter his rapture. Fuzzy images swirled. Voices yelled. Wind churned. No, please The more he fought, the more the fury filtered through.Then, harshly, he was living it all againThe helicopter was in a dizzying dead climb. He was trapped inside(a). Beyond the open door, the lights of Rome looked farther away with every divergence second. His survival instinct told him to jettison the canister right now. Langdon knew it would take less than twenty seconds for the canister to fall half a mile. But it would be locomote toward a city of people.Higher HigherLangdon wondered how high they were now. Small prop planes, he knew, flew at altitudes of about four miles. This helicopter had to be at a good fraction of t hat by now. Two miles up? Three? There was still a chance. If they time the drop perfectly, the canister would fall only partway toward earth, exploding a safe distance over the ground and away from the chopper. Langdon looked out at the city sprawling below them.And if you calculate incorrectly? the camerlegno said.Langdon turned, startled. The camerlegno was not even looking at him, apparently having read Langdons thoughts from the ghostly reflection in the windshield. Oddly, the camerlegno was no longer engrossed in his controls. His hands were not even on the throttle. The chopper, it seemed, was now in some sort of autopilot mode, locked in a climb. The camerlegno reached above his head, to the ceiling of the cockpit, fishing behind a cable-housing, where he removed a key, attach there out of view.Langdon watched in bewilderment as the camerlegno quickly unlocked the metal cargo loge bolted between the seats. He removed some sort of large, black, nylon pack. He lay it on th e seat side by side(p) to him. Langdons thoughts churned. The camerlegnos movements seemed composed, as if he had a solution.Give me the canister, the camerlegno said, his tone serene.Langdon did not know what to think anymore. He thrust the canister to the camerlegno. Ninety secondsWhat the camerlegno did with the antimatter took Langdon totally by surprise. Holding the canister carefully in his hands, the camerlegno placed it inside the cargo box. Then he closed the heavy lid and used the key to lock it tight.What are you doing Langdon demanded.Leading us from temptation. The camerlegno threw the key out the open window.As the key tumbled into the night, Langdon felt his soul dropping with it.The camerlegno then took the nylon pack and slipped his arms through the straps. He fastened a waist clamp around his stomach and cinched it all down like a backpack. He turned to a dumbstruck Robert Langdon.Im sorry, the camerlegno said. It wasnt supposed to happen this way. Then he opened h is door and hurled himself into the night.The image burned in Langdons unconscious mind, and with it came the pain. Real pain. tangible pain. Aching. Searing. He begged to be taken, to let it end, but as the water lapped louder in his ears, new images began to flash. His hell had only just begun. He saw bits and pieces. Scattered frames of sheer panic. He lay halfway between death and nightmare, begging for deliverance, but the pictures grew brighter in his mind.The antimatter canister was locked out of reach. It counted relentlessly downward as the chopper shot upward. Fifty seconds. Higher. Higher. Langdon spun wildly in the cabin, trying to make sense of what he had just seen. Forty-five seconds. He dug under seats searching for another parachute. Forty seconds. There was none There had to be an option Thirty-five seconds. He raced to the open doorway of the chopper and stood in the raging wind, gazing down at the lights of Rome below. Thirty-two seconds.And then he made the cho ice.The unbelievable choiceWith no parachute, Robert Langdon had jumped out the door. As the night swallowed his tumbling body, the helicopter seemed to rocket off above him, the sound of its rotors evaporating in the deafening rush of his own free fall.As he plummeted toward earth, Robert Langdon felt something he had not experienced since his years on the high dive the inexorable pull of gravity during a dead drop. The faster he fell, the voicelesser the earth seemed to pull, sucking him down. This time, however, the drop was not fifty feet into a pool. The drop was thousands of feet into a city an endless expanse of pavement and concrete.Somewhere in the torrent of wind and desperation, Kohlers voice echoed from the grave words he had intercommunicate earlier this morning standing at CERNs free-fall tube. One square yard of drag will behindhand a falling body almost twenty percent. Twenty percent, Langdon now realized, was not even close to what one would need to survive a f all like this. Nonetheless, more out of paralysis than hope, he clenched in his hands the sole object he had grabbed from the chopper on his way out the door. It was an odd memento, but it was one that for a fleeting instant had given him hope.The windshield tarp had been lying in the back of the helicopter. It was a concave rectangle about four yards by two like a huge fitted sheet the crudest approximation of a parachute imaginable. It had no harness, only bungie loops at either end for fastening it to the curvature of the windshield. Langdon had grabbed it, slid his hands through the loops, held on, and leapt out into the void.His last great act of youthful defiance.No illusions of life beyond this moment.Langdon fell like a rock. Feet first. Arms raised. His hands gripping the loops. The tarp billowed like a mushroom overhead. The wind tore past him violently.As he plummeted toward earth, there was a deep explosion somewhere above him. It seemed farther off than he had expecte d. Almost instantly, the shock wave hit. He felt the breath crushed from his lungs. There was a sudden warmth in the air all around him. He fought to hold on. A wall of heat raced down from above. The top of the tarp began to smoulder but held.Langdon rocketed downward, on the edge of a billowing shroud of light, feeling like a surfer trying to outrun a thousand-foot tidal wave. Then suddenly, the heat receded.He was falling again through the dark coolness.For an instant, Langdon felt hope. A moment later, though, that hope faded like the withdrawing heat above. Despite his twisting arms assuring him that the tarp was slowing his fall, the wind still tore past his body with deafening velocity. Langdon had no doubt he was still moving too fast to survive the fall. He would be crushed when he hit the ground.Mathematical omens tumbled through his brain, but he was too numb to make sense of them one square yard of drag 20 percent reduction of speed. All Langdon could figure was that the tarp over his head was big enough to slow him more than 20 percent. Unfortunately, though, he could prescribe from the wind whipping past him that whatever good the tarp was doing was not enough. He was still falling fast there would be no surviving the impact on the waiting sea of concrete. under him, the lights of Rome spread out in all directions. The city looked like an enormous starlit sky that Langdon was falling into. The perfect expanse of stars was marred only by a dark strip that demote the city in two a wide, unlit ribbon that wound through the dots of light like a fat snake. Langdon stared down at the meandering swatch of black.Suddenly, like the surging crest of an unexpected wave, hope filled him again.With almost maniacal vigor, Langdon yanked down hard with his right hand on the canopy. The tarp suddenly flapped louder, billowing, cutting right to find the path of least resistance. Langdon felt himself drifting sideways. He pulled again, harder, ignoring the pain in his palm. The tarp flared, and Langdon sensed his body sliding laterally. Not much. But some He looked beneath him again, to the sinuous serpent of black. It was off to the right, but he was still pretty high. Had he waited too long? He pulled with all his might and accepted somehow that it was now in the hands of God. He focused hard on the widest part of the serpent and for the first time in his life, prayed for a miracle.The rest was a blur.The darkness rushing up beneath him the diving instincts coming back the reflexive locking of his spine and pointing of the toes the inflating of his lungs to nourish his vital organs the flexing of his legs into a battering ram and finally the thankfulness that the winding Tiber River was raging make its irrigate frothy and air-filled and three times softer than standing water.Then there was impact and blackness.It had been the thunder sound of the flapping canopy that drew the groups eyes away from the fireball in the sky. The sk y above Rome had been filled with sights tonight a skyrocketing helicopter, an enormous explosion, and now this strange object that had plummeted into the churning waters of the Tiber River, directly off the shore of the rivers tiny island, Isola Tiberina.Ever since the island had been used to quarantine the sick during the Roman elicit of A.D. 1656, it had been thought to have mystic healing properties. For this reason, the island had later become the site for Romes Hospital Tiberina.The body was strike when they pulled it onto shore. The man still had a faint pulse, which was amazing, they thought. They wondered if it was Isola Tiberinas mythical reputation for healing that had somehow kept his heart pumping. Minutes later, when the man began coughing and slowly regained consciousness, the group decided the island must indeed be magical.

Portfolio Management

A PROJECT REPORT ON PORTFOLIO coun carry oning AT SHAREKHAN LTD HYDERABAD A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO pic OSMANIA UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE IN MASTER OF agate line ADMINISTRATION SUBMITTED BY SAFIA MOHAMMADI 1238-11-672-015 VILLA MARIE PG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN SOMAJIGUDA- 82 2011-2013 By DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRTIONVILLA MARIE POST GRADUATE COLLEGE, SOMAJIGUDA (Affiliated to Osmania Univerposturey) 2011-2013 DECLARATION I SAFIA MOHAMMADI student of Master of Business ar presentment, VILLA MARIE PG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, hereby decl be that the visit report entitled PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT has been carried bulge(a) at SHAREKHAN LTD and submitted in partial fulfillment for the Masters Degree in Business Administration in the result of my own excogitate and is certain. I ease up non submitted this project to every sepa enume site university or college for the award of any opposite leg or Diploma.SAFIA MOHAMMA DI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A project is never thework of an wholeness-on- whizz. It ismoreoer a combination of ideas, suggestions, review, contri exclusivelyion and work involving many folks. It basisnot be completed without guidelines. I wish to express my gratitude to on the whole those who assenttain make signifi placet contribution to the development and presentation of this project. I express my sense of profound gratitude to the circumspection of SHAREKHAN LTD, Hyderabad for giving me this opportunity to conduct a study on Portfolio forethought in their esteemed organization.My sincere thanks to Mr. DEEPAK, Manager and Ms. SWATHI BASA, Assistant Manager for permitting me to pursue this project and for providing their valuable time, suggestions and support for completing my project work successfully. Their patience and invaluable guidance have be to be very precious without which this project would not be completed. Acknowledgements be to a fault due to exactly the other st aff members and executives in Sh bekhan Ltd. , for providing information at various points of the project, especially the discussions on the merchandise.I am g markful to our Principal and in any case I would also kindred to thank my project guide and all the readiness members of the college for guiding me byout the attend to. I also wish to extend my sincere acknowledgement to my pargonnts for their moral and fiscal support. Lastly, I am indebted to the friends and leave-wishers who have extended their support to me during the project. Place Hyderabad SAFIA MOHAMMADI INDEX LIST OF table of contents PAGE NO. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF THE calculate OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY field OF THE STUDY DATA COLLECTION METHODS LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE CHAPTER-3 party PROFILE CHAPTER-4 DATA ANALYSIS AND description CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Q UESTIONNAIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT A portfolio is a prayer of pluss. The summations whitethorn be physical or fiscal comparable Sh ars, Bonds, Debentures, Preference Sh ars, etc. The various(prenominal) dedicateor or a fund manager would not equal to put all his money in the offices of one high society that would amount to great retain a fortuity.He would consequently, ensue the age old maxim that one should not put all the eggs into one basket. By doing so, he stern pass on objective to maximize portfolio depict and at the same time minimizing the portfolio attempt by diversification. Investment may be defined as an activity that commits currency in any monetary form in the present with an expectation of receiving additional establish in the incoming. The expectations bring with it a prob talent that the quantum of succumb may vary from a minimum to a maximum. This possibility of variation in the actual retri eve is known as enthronization seek. Thus every coronation involves a return and attempt. Investment is an activity that is chthonictaken by those who have savings.Savings can be defined as the excess of income oer expenditure. An investor earns/expects to earn additional monetary value from the mode of enthronisation that could be in the form of financial additions. The three important characteristics of any financial as specialize argon Return-the potential return possible from an summation. assay-the inconstantness in returns of the asset form the chances of its value going down/up. liquidness-the ease with which an asset can be converted into immediate payment. Investors tend to look at these three characteristics while deciding on their some(prenominal)(prenominal)oneisticist predilection pattern of investments. Each financial asset give have a certain level of distributively of these characteristics.An investor invests his funds in portfolio expecting to get a good return consistent with the take a chance that he has to beat. Portfolio guidance comprises all the dish outes involved in the creation & maintenance of an investment portfolio. It fights proper(postnominal)ally with Security Analysis, Portfolio Analysis, Selection and revise & Evaluation. Portfolio Management is a complex process, which tries to make investment activity more rewarding & less equivocal. ? Portfolio charge is the centering of various financial assets which comprise the portfolio. ? Portfolio focus is a decision support system that is knowing with a view to meet the multi-faced needs of investors.According to Securities and Exchange Board of India Portfolio is defined as portfolio means the number memorys of securities belonging to any one-on-one. ? PORTFOLIO theatre forecastor means any psyche who pursuant to a bowdlerize or arrangement with a node, advises or directs or undertakes on be fractional of the invitee (whether as a discret ional portfolio manager or otherwise) the way or administration of a portfolio of securities or the funds of the client. ? DISCRETIONARY PORTFOLIO MANAGER means a portfolio manager who exercises or may, under a induce relating to portfolio management exercises any degree of discretion as to the investments or management of the portfolio of securities or the funds of the client. Investment avenuesThere are a sound number of investment avenues for savers in India. Some of them are commercializeable and liquid, while others are non- foxinessable. Some of them are highly hazardy while approximately others are almost chance less. Investment avenues can be mostly categorized under the fol baseing head. 1. bodily securities 2. Equity ploughshares. 3. Preference shares. 4. Debentures/Bonds. 5. Derivatives. 6. Others. Joint depot companies in the private orbit issue corporate securities. These include virtue shares, preference shares, and debentures. Equity shares have variabl e dividend and hence belong to the high put on the line-high return category preference shares and debentures have unbending returns with lower jeopardize.The assortment of corporate securities that can be chosen as investment avenues can be depicted as shown below DESIGN OF STUDY NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY Portfolio management presents thebest investment course of studyto the several(prenominal)s as per their income, budget, age and ability to undertake risks. Portfolio managementminimizes the risksinvolved in investing and also increases the chance of making profits. Portfolio managers understand the clients financial needs and suggest the best and unique investment policy for them with minimum risks involved. It enables the portfolio managers to brook customized investment solutionsto clients as per their needs and requirements. It also focuses on important aspects like Stability of Income, Capital Growth, Liquidity, synthetic rubber, Tax Incentives, etc. Main g oals of Portfolio Management are To Maximize the value of the portfolio, To test balancein the portfolio and To Keep portfolio projects strategicallyaligned OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To fork up the material frame work of Portfolio Management To understand how to analyze securities To know how portfolio management is done. To study the investment pattern and its related risks & returns. To back up the investors to choose wisely surrounded by alternative investment. To understand, analyze and select the best portfolio. To strike balance surrounded by tolls of funds, risks and returns. To find out optimal portfolio, which delves optimal return at a minimize risk to the investor. To see whether the portfolio risk is less than individual risk on whose basis the portfolios are constituted SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study covers the Markowitz model. The study covers the calculation of correlations between the different securities in order to find out at what percentage funds sh ould be invested among the companies in the portfolio. Also the study includes the calculation of individual ensample Deviation of securities and ends at the calculation of weights of individual securities involved in the portfolio.These percentages patron in allocating the funds unattached for investment based on raging portfolios. METHODOLOGY Sources of Data Collection The Methodology employed in this study data include both the primary and secondary collection systems. Primary collection methods This method includes the data collected from the personal discussion with the authorized clerks and members of the exchange. Secondary data collection It includes the following(a) Companies yearly Reports Information From Internet Publication Information provided by melodic line Exchanges. Period of Study For different companies, financial data has been collected from the year 2007- 2012 Selection of CompaniesCompanies selected for analysis are- o Wipro o Indian tobacco plant Corporation o Dr. Reddy Laboratories o ACC o Bharat Heavy Electricals LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study has been conducted purely to understand portfolio management for investor and is done for requirement of Certificate of MBA. For study purpose 5 companies have been taken for calculations. Study is check to period from 2007-2012. There was a constraint with regard to time allocated for the look into study, period of one and half month. Study is limited to only first 3 steps of phrases of portfolio management. Detailed study of the topic was not possible due to limited size of project. The availability of information in the form of annual reports and hurt fluctuations of the companies was a big constraint to the study. CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE INTRODUCTION TO PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT The term Portfolio refers to any collection of financial assets such(prenominal) as argumentations, bonds, and cash. Portfolios may be held by individual investors and/or managed by fina ncial professionals, hedge funds, swears and other financial institutions. It is a generally accepted principle that a portfolio is designed fit to the investors risk tolerance, time frame and investment objectives. Portfolio management is all just more or less strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the picking of debt vs. equity, domestic vs. nternational, growth vs. safety, and many other tradeoffs encountered in the attempt to maximize return at a given appetite for risk. The art and science of making decisions about investment mess up and policy, matching investments to objectives, asset allocation for individuals and institutions, and balancing risk against mathematical operation is known as Portfolio Management. ? PORTFOLIO MANAGER means any person who pursuant to a contract or arrangement with a client, advises or directs or undertakes on behalf of the client (whether as a discretionary portfolio manager or otherwise) the management or administration of a portfolio of securities or the funds of the client. DISCRETIONARY PORTFOLIO MANAGER means a portfolio manager who exercises or may, under a contract relating to portfolio management exercises any degree of discretion as to the investments or management of the portfolio of securities or the funds of the client. FUNCTIONS OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT ? To frame the investment strategy and select an investment mix to achieve the desired investment objectives ? To provide a balanced portfolio which not only can hedge against the inflation but can also optimize returns with the associated degree of risk ? To make timely buying and selling of securities ? To maximize the after-tax return by investing in various tax saving investment instruments.STRUCTURE / PROCESS OF TYPICAL PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT In the small bulletproofly, the portfolio manager performs the pipeline of bail analyst. In the case of medium and large sized organizations, job function of portfolio manager and security analyst are separate. CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT unmarrieds will benefit immensely by pickings portfolio management operate for the following reasons ? Whatever may be the circumstance of the bully market, over the long period detonating device markets have given an excellent return when compared to other forms of investment. The return from bank deposits, units, etc. , is practically less than from the gillyflower market. ? The Indian Stock trades are very complicated.Though there are thousands of companies that are listed only a few hundred which have the necessary liquidity. Even among these, only some have the growth prospects which are conducive for investment. It is impossible for any individual wishing to invest and sit down and analyse all these intricacies of the market unless he does nothing else. ? Even if an investor is able to understand the intricacies of the market and separate chaff from the grain the trading practices in India are so complicated that i t is really a difficult task for an investor to trade in all the major exchanges of India, look after his deliveries and payments. TYPES OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT arbitrary Portfolio Management Service(DPMS)In this type of service, the client parts with his money in favour of the manager, who in return, handles all the paper work, makes all the decisions and gives a good return on the investment and charges fee. In the Discretionary Portfolio Management Service, to maximize the yield, almost all portfolio managers park the funds in the money market securities such as overnight market, 18 days treasury bills and 90 days commercial bills. Normally, the return of such investment varies from 14 to 18 percent, depending on the call money rates prevailing at the time of investment. 2. Non-Discretionary Portfolio Management Service(NDPMS) The manager functions as a counselor, but the investor is free to accept or reject the managers advice the paper work is also undertaken by manager for a service charge.The manager concentrates on stock market instruments with a portfolio tailor-made to the risk taking ability of the investor. essay of Portfolio Management There was a time when portfolio management was an exotic term. The scenario has changed drastically. It is now a familiar term and is widely practiced in India. The theories and concepts relating to portfolio management now find their way to the front pages financial newbornspapers and the cover pages of investments journals in India. Capital markets have become active. The Indian stock markets are steadily moving towards efficiency, with rapid reckonerization, increasing higher market transparency, better infrastructure, better customer service etc.The markets are mutual funds have been set up the country since1987. With this development investment in securities has gained considered momentum. Professional portfolio management backed by competent research began to be practiced by mutual funds, investment consu ltant and big brokers. The Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI), The Stock Market Regulatory body in India is supervising the whole process. IMPORTANCE OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT ? Emergence of institutional investing on behalf of individuals. A number of financial institutions, mutual funds and other agencies are parturiency the task of investing money of small investors, on their behalf. Growth in the number and size of investible funds a large part of household savings is be directed towards financial assets. ? Increased market volatility risk and return parameters of financial assets are ceaselessly changing because of frequent changes in presidencys industrial and fiscal policies, economic uncertainty and in perceptual constancy. ? Greater use of computers for processing mass of data. ? professionalisation of the field and increasing use of analytical methods (e. g. quantitative techniques) in the investment decision making ? big direct and indirect costs of errors o r shortfalls in meeting portfolio objectives increased competition and greater examination by investors.STEPS IN PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT ? Specification and qualification of investor objectives, constraints, and preferences in the form of an investment policy statement. ? aspiration and qualification of chief city market expectations for the economy, market sectors, industries and individual securities. ? Allocation of assets and determination of appropriate portfolio strategies for each asset class and selection of individual securities. ? Performance beat and evaluation to ensure attainment of investor objectives. ? Monitoring portfolio factors and responding to changes in investor objectives, constrains and / or capital market expectations. Rebalancing the portfolio when necessary by repeating the asset allocation, portfolio strategy and security selection. CRITERIA FOR PORTFOLIO DECISIONS In portfolio management emphasis is put on identifying the collective importance of all investors belongingss. The emphasis shifts from individual assets selection to a more balanced emphasis on diversification and risk-return interrelationships of individual assets in spite of appearance the portfolio. undivided securities are important only to the extent they affect the aggregate portfolio. In short, all decisions should focus on the impact which the decision will have on the aggregate portfolio of all the assets held. Portfolio strategy should be model to the unique needs and characteristics of the portfolios owner. Diversification across securities will reduce a portfolios risk. If the risk and return are lower than the desired level, leverages (borrowing) can be use to achieve the desired level. bigger portfolio returns come only with big portfolio risk. The most important decision to make is the amount of risk which is acceptable. The risk associated with a security type depends on when the investment will be liquidated. happen is reduced by selecting se curities with a payoff close to when the portfolio is to be liquidated. QUALITIES OF PORTFOLIO MANAGER 1. SOUND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Portfolio management is an excite and challenging job. He has to work in an extremely uncertain and confliction environment.In the stock market every new piece of information affects the value of the securities of different industries in a different way. He moldiness be able to judge and predict the effects of the information he gets. He must have precipitous memory, alertness, fast intuition and self-confidence to arrive at quick decisions. 2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY He must have his own surmise to arrive at the intrinsic value of the security. An analysis of the securitys values, conjunction, etc. is s continuous job of the portfolio manager. A good analyst makes a good financial consultant. The analyst can know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities of the economy, industry and the play along. 3. MARKETING SKILLS He must be good salesman. He has to co nvince the clients about the particular security.He has to compete with the stock brokers in the stock market. In this context, the marketing skills ease him a lot. 4. EXPERIENCE In the cyclical behavior of the stock market history is often repeated, therefore the experience of the different phases helps to make rational decisions. The experience of the different types of securities, clients, market trends, etc. , makes a holy professional manager. PORTFOLIO BUILDING Portfolio decisions for an individual investor are influenced by a wide variety of factors. Individuals differ greatly in their circumstances and therefore, a financial programme well suited to one individual may be inappropriate for another.Ideally, an individuals portfolio should be tailor-made to fit ones individual needs. Investors Characteristics An analysis of an individuals investment situation requires a study of personal characteristics such as age, health conditions, personal habits, family responsibilities, business or professional situation, and tax status, all of which affect the investors willingness to assume risk. Stage in the Life Cycle One of the most important factors affecting the individuals investment objective is his stage in the life turn. A small person may put greater emphasis on growth and lesser emphasis on liquidity. He can afford to wait for realization of capital gains as his time horizon is large. Family responsibilitiesThe investors marital status and his responsibilities towards other members of the family can have a large impact on his investment needs and goals. Investors experience The success of portfolio depends upon the investors knowledge and experience in financial matters. If an investor has an aptitude for financial affairs, he may wish to be more aggressive in his investments. Attitude towards Risk A persons psychological make-up and financial personate dictate his ability to assume the risk. Different kinds of securities have different kinds of ris ks. The higher the risk, the greater the opportunity for higher gain or way out. Liquidity Needs Liquidity needs vary considerably among individual investors.Investors with regular income from other sources may not worry much about instantaneous liquidity, but individuals who depend heavily upon investment for meeting their general or specific needs, must plan portfolio to match their liquidity needs. Liquidity can be obtained in two shipway 1. by allocating an appropriate percentage of the portfolio to bank deposits, and 2. by requiring that bonds and equities procured be highly marketable. Tax consideratenesss Since different individuals, depending upon their incomes, are subjected to different marginal rates of taxes, tax considerations become most important factor in individuals portfolio strategy. There are differing tax treatments for investment in various kinds of assets. Time HorizonIn investment planning, time horizon become an important consideration. It is highly vari able from individual to individual. Individuals in their young age have long time horizon for planning, they can smooth out and absorb the ups and downs of defective combination. Individuals who are old have smaller time horizon, they generally tend to avoid volatile portfolios. Individuals pecuniary Objectives In the initial stages, the primary objective of an individual could be to accumulate wealthiness via regular periodic savings and have an investment programme to achieve long term capital gains. Safety of Principal The protection of the rupee value of the investment is of prime importance to most investors.The original investment can be recovered only if the security can be readily sell in the market without much loss of value. Assurance of Income Different investors have different current income needs. If an individual is dependent of its investment income for current consumption checkly income received now in the form of dividend and saki payments become primary obje ctive. Investment Risk All investment decisions revolve around the trade-off between risk and return. All rational investors want a square(p) return from their investment. An ability to understand, measure and the right way manage investment risk is primeval to any intelligent investor or a speculator.Frequently, the risk associated with security investment is ignored and only the rewards are emphasized. An investor who does not fully appreciate the risks in security investments will find it difficult to obtain continuing positive results. RISK AND EXPECTED RETURN There is a positive relationship between the amount of risk and the amount of judge return i. e. , the greater the risk, the larger the expect return and larger the chances of substantial loss. One of the most difficult problems for an investor is to estimate the highest level of risk he is able to assume. pic TYPES OF RISKS- Risk consists of two components. They are 1. Systematic Risk 2. Un- organized Risk 1. Systemat ic RiskSystematic risk is caused by factors external to the particular party and uncontrollable by the company. The doctrinal risk affects the market as a whole. Factors affect the systematic risk are ? economic conditions ? political conditions ? sociological changes The systematic risk is unavoidable. Systematic risk is further sub-divided into three types. They are a) Market Risk b) elicit Rate Risk c) Purchasing Power Risk a) Market Risk One would notice that when the stock market surges up, most stocks post higher price. On the other hand, when the market falls sharply, most customary stocks will drop. It is not un normal to find stock prices falling from time to time while a companys scratch are rising and vice-versa.The price of stock may fluctuate widely within a short time even though earnings remain unchanged or relatively stable b) Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk is the risk of loss of principal brought about the changes in the interest rate paid on new securit ies currently being issued. c) Purchasing Power Risk The typical investor seeks an investment which will give him current income and / or capital appreciation in addition to his original investment. 2. Un-systematic Risk Un-systematic risk is unique and peculiar to a sozzled or an industry. The nature and mode of raising finance and paying back the loans, involve the risk element. fiscal leverage of the companies that is debt-equity helping of the companies differs from each other.All these factors Factors affect the un-systematic risk and contribute a instalment in the gist variability of the return. ? Managerial in businesslikely ? Technological change in the harvest-festivalion process ? Availability of naked materials ? Changes in the consumer preference ? Labour problems The nature and magnitude of the above mentioned factors differ from industry to industry and company to company. They have to be analyzed separately for each industry and firm. Un-systematic risk can be grandly classified into a) Business Risk b) Financial Risk a. Business Risk Business risk is that portion of the unsystematic risk caused by the in operation(p)(a) environment of the business.Business risk arises from the inability of a firm to oblige its competitive edge and growth or stability of the earnings. The volatibility in stock prices due to factors intrinsic to the company itself is known as Business risk. Business risk is concerned with the difference between revenue and earnings before interest and tax. Business risk can be divided into. i) Internal Business Risk Internal business risk is associated with the surgical operational efficiency of the firm. The operational efficiency differs from company to company. The efficiency of operation is reflected on the companys achievement of its pre-set goals and the fulfillment of the promises to its investors. ii)External Business RiskExternal business risk is the result of operating conditions imposed on the firm by circums tances beyond its control. The external environments in which it operates exert some pressure on the firm. The external factors are social and regulatory factors, monetary and fiscal policies of the government, business speech rhythm and the general economic environment within which a firm or an industry operates. b. Financial Risk It refers to the variability of the income to the equity capital due to the debt capital. Financial risk in a company is associated with the capital structure of the company. Capital structure of the company consists of equity funds and borrowed funds. PORTFOLIO ANALYSISVarious groups of securities when held together deliver in a different manner and give interest payments and dividends also, which are different to the analysis of individual securities. A combination of securities held together will give a beneficial result if they are grouped in a manner to secure higher return after taking into consideration the risk element. SELECTION OF PROTFOLIO T he selection of portfolio depends on the various objectives of the investor. The selection of portfolio under different objectives are dealt subsequently. Objectives and asset mix if the main objective is acquire adequate amount of current income, sixty per cent of the investment is made on debts and 40 per cent on equities. The proportions of investments on debt and equity differ according to the individuals preferences.Growth of income and asset mix Here the investor requires a certain percentage of growth in the income received from his investment. The debt portion of the portfolio may consist of 60 to 100 percent equities and 0 to 40 percent debt instrument. The debt portion of the portfolio may consist of concession regarding tax exemption. Appreciation of principal amount is given third priority. For example computer software, hardware and non-conventional energy producing company shares provides good possibility of growth in dividend. Capital appreciation and asset mix Capit al appreciation means that the valu of the original investment increases over the years.Investment in real estates like land and house may provide a faster rate of capital appreciation but they lack liquidity. In the capital market, the values of the shares are much higher than their original issue prices. Safety of principal and asset mix Usually, the risk averse investors are very particular about the stability of principal. According to the life cycle theory, people in the third stage of life also give more importance to the safety of the principal. All the investors have this objective in their mind. No one like to lose his money invested in different assets. Risk and return analysis The traditional improvement to portfolio construction has some basic assumptions. First, the individual prefers larger to smaller returns from securities.To achieve this goal, the investor has to take more risk. The ability to achieve higher returns is dependent upon his ability to judge risk and h is ability to take specific risks. Diversification once the asset mix is determined and the risk and return are analyzed, the final step is the diversification of portfolio. Financial risk can be minimized by commitments to top-quality bonds, but these securities offer poor defense to inflation. Stocks provide better inflation protection than bonds but are more vulnerable to financial risks. PORTFOLIO public figureing Portfolio is a combination of securities such as stocks, bonds and money market instruments.The process of b changeing together the broad asset so as to obtain optimum return with minimum risk is called portfolio construction. Diversification of investments helps to diffuse risk over many assets. A diversification of securities gives the assurance of obtaining the anticipated return on the portfolio. appealES IN PORTFOLIO CONSTRUCTION There are two approaches in construction of the portfolio of securities. They are ? Traditional approach ? innovational approach TRADITIONAL APPROACH Traditional approach was based on the fact that risk could be measured on each individual security through the process of finding out the tired departure and that security should be chosen where the deviation was the lowest.Traditional approach believes that the market is inefficient and the fundamental analyst can take advantage of the situation. Traditional approach is a comprehensive financial plan for the individual. It takes into rate the individual needs such as housing, life insurance and pension plans. Traditional approach fundamentally deals with two major decisions. They are a) Determining the objectives of the portfolio b) Selection of securities to be included in the portfolio MODERN APPROACH Modern approach theory was brought out by Markowitz and Sharpe. It is the combination of securities to get the most efficient portfolio. combination of securities can be made in many ways. Markowitz developed the theory of diversification through scientific reasoning and method.Modern portfolio theory believes in the maximization of return through a combination of securities. The modern approach discusses the relationship between different securities and then draws inter-relationships of risks between them. Markowitz gives more attention to the process of selecting the portfolio. It does not deal with the individual needs. In the modern approach, the final step is asset allocation process that is to choose the portfolio that meets he requirement of the investor. The risk taker i. e. who are willing to accept a higher probability of risk for getting the expected return would choose high risk portfolio. Investor with lower tolerance for risk would choose low level risk portfolio.The risk neutral investor would choose the medium level risk portfolio. MARKOWITZ MODEL get to Markowitz opened new vistas to modern portfolio selection by publishing an article in the journal of finance in March 1952. His publication indicated the importance of correlation among the different stocks reruns in the construction of a stock portfolio. Most people agree that keeping two stocks is less inquisitive than belongings one stock. For example, holding stocks from textile, banking, and electronic companies is better than investing all the money on the textile companys stock. barely building up the optimal portfolio is very difficult. Markowitz provides an answer to it with the help of risk and return relationship.Markowitz model is a theoretical example for analysis of risk and return and their relationships. He used statistical analysis for the measurement of risk and mathematical programming for selection of assets in a portfolio in an efficient manner. Markowitz approach determines for the investor the efficient set of portfolio through three important variables i. e. ? Return ? Standard deviation ? Co-efficient of correlation Markowitz model is also called as an Full Covariance Model. Through this model the investor can find o ut the efficient set of portfolio by finding out the tradeoff between risk and return, between the limits of zero and infinity.According to this theory, the effects of one security purchase over the effects of the other security purchase are taken into consideration and then the results are mensurated. Most people agree that holding two stocks is less risky than holding one stock. For example, holding stocks from textile, banking and electronic companies is better than investing all the money on the textile companys stock. Markowitz had given up the single stock portfolio and introduced diversification. The single stock portfolio would be preferable if the investor is utterly certain that his expectation of highest return would turn out to be real. In the world of uncertainty, most of the risk adverse investors would like to join Markowitz rather than keeping a single stock, because diversification reduces the risk. ASSUMPTIONS All investors would like to earn the maximum rate of return that they can achieve from their investments. ? All investors have the same expected single period investment horizon. ? All investors before making any investments have a common goal. This is the avoidance of risk because Investors are risk-averse. ? Investors base their investment decisions on the expected return and example deviation of returns from a possible investment. ? Perfect markets are assumed (e. g. no taxes and no action costs). ? The investor assumes that greater or larger the return that he achieves on his investments, the higher the risk factor surrounds him. On the contrary when risks are low the return can also be expected to be low. The investor can reduce his risk if he adds investments to his portfolio. ? An investor should be able to get higher return for each level of risk by determining the efficient set of securities. ? An individual seller or buyer cannot affect the price of a stock. This assumption is the basic assumption of the perfectly competit ive market. ? Investors make their decisions only on the basis of the expected returns, standard deviation and covariances of all pairs of securities. ? Investors are assumed to have homogenous expectations during the decision-making period. ? The investor can lend or borrow any amount of funds at the riskless rate of interest.The riskless rate of interest is the rate of interest offered for the treasury bills or Government securities. ? Investors are risk-averse, so when given a choice between two otherwise identical portfolios, they will choose the one with the lower standard deviation. ? Individual assets are infinitely divisible, meaning that an investor can buy a fraction of a share if he or she so desires. ? There is a risk free rate at which an investor may either lend (i. e. invest) money or borrow money and There is no transaction cost i. e. no cost involved in buying and selling of stocks. ? There is no personal income tax. Hence, the investor is oblivious to the form of return either capital gain or dividend.The Effect Of Combining Two Securities It is believed that holding two securities is less risky than by having only one investment in a persons portfolio. When two stocks are taken on a portfolio and if they have negative correlation then risk can be completely reduced because the gain on one can number one the loss on the other. This can be shown with the help of following example Inter-Active Risk Through Covariance Covariance of the securities will help in finding out the inter-active risk. When the covariance will be positive then the rates of return of securities move together either upwards or downwards. Alternatively it can also be give tongue to that the inter-active risk is positive.Secondly, covariance will be zero on two investments if the rates of return are independent. keeping two securities may reduce the portfolio risk too. The portfolio risk can be calculated with the help of the following formula CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM) Markowitz, William Sharpe, John Lintner and Jan Mossin provided the basic structure for the Capital summation Pricing Model. It is a model of linear general equilibrium return. In the CAPM theory, the required rate return of an asset is having a linear relationship with assets beta value i. e. undiversifiable or systematic risk (i. e. market related risk) because non market risk can be eliminated by diversification and systematic risk measured by beta.Therefore, the relationship between an assets return and its systematic risk can be expressed by the CAPM, which is also called the Security Market Line. Lending and borrowing- Here, it is assumed that the investor could borrow or lend any amount of money at riskless rate of interest. When this opportunity is given to the investors, they can mix risk free assets with the risky assets in a portfolio to obtain a desired rate of risk-return combination. Rp =Portfolio return Xf =The proportion of funds invested in risk free assets 1- Xf = The proportion of funds invested in risky assets Rf =Risk free rate of return Rm =Return on risky assets The expected return on the combination of risky and risk free combination is Rp= Rf Xf+ Rm(1- Xf)Formula can be used to calculate the expected returns for different situations, like mixing riskless assets with risky assets, investing only in the risky asset and mixing the borrowing with risky assets. THE CONCEPT According to CAPM, all investors hold only the market portfolio and risk less securities. The market portfolio is a portfolio comprised of all stocks in the market. Each asset is held in proportion to its market value to the total value of all risky assets. For example, if Reliance Industry share represents 15% of all risky assets, then the market portfolio of the individual investor contains 15% of Satyam Industry shares. At this stage, the investor has the ability to borrow or lend any amount of money at the risk less rate of interest. Eg. assume that borrowing and lending rate to be 12. 5% and the return from the risky assets to be 20%. There is a tradeoff between the expected return and risk. If an investor invests in risk free assets and risky assets, his risk may be less than what he invests in the risky asset alone. But if he borrows to invest in risky assets, his risk would increase more than he invests his own money in the risky assets. When he borrows to invest, we call it financial leverage. If he invests 50% in risk free assets and 50% in risky assets, his expected return of the portfolio would be Rp= Rf Xf+ Rm(1- Xf) = (12. 5 x 0. 5) + 20 (1-0. 5) = 6. 25 + 10 = 16. 5% if there is a zero investment in risk free asset and 100% in risky asset, the return is Rp= Rf Xf+ Rm(1- Xf) = 0 + 20% i. e. 20% if -0. 5 in risk free asset and 1. 5 in risky asset, the return is Rp= Rf Xf+ Rm(1- Xf) = (12. 5 x -0. 5) + 20 (1. 5) = -6. 25+ 30 = 23. 75% EVALUATION OF PORTFOLIO Portfolio manager evaluates his portfolio performance and identifies th e sources of strengths and weakness. The evaluation of the portfolio provides a feedback about the performance to evolve better management strategy. Even though evaluation of portfolio performance is considered to be the goal stage of investment process, it is a continuous process.There are number of situations in which an evaluation becomes necessary and important. i. Self-Valuation An individual may want to evaluate how well he has done. This is a part of the process of refining his skills and amend his performance over a period of time. ii. Evaluation of Managers A mutual fund or same organization might want to evaluate its managers. A mutual fund may have several managers each running a separate fund or sub-fund. It is often necessary to compare the performance of these managers. iii. Evaluation of Mutual Funds An investor may want to evaluate the various mutual funds operating in the country to decide which, if any, of these should be chosen for investment.A similar need ari ses in the case of individuals or organizations who engage external agencies for portfolio advisory services. iv. Evaluation of collections Academics or researchers may want to evaluate the performance of a whole group of investors and compare it with another group of investors who use different techniques or who have different skills or recover to different information. NEED FOR EVALUATION OF PORTFOLIO ? We can try to evaluate every transaction. Whenever a security is brought or sold, we can attempt to assess whether the decision was correct and profitable. ? We can try to evaluate the performance of a specific security in the portfolio to determine whether it has been worthwhile to include it in our portfolio. We can try to evaluate the performance of portfolio as a whole during the period without examining the performance of individual securities within the portfolio. Portfolio management has emerged as a separate academic discipline in India. Portfolio theory that deals with t he rational investment decision-making process has now become an integral part of financial literature. Investing in securities such as shares, debentures & bonds is profitable well as exciting. It is indeed rewarding but involves a great deal of risk & need artistic skill. Investing in financial securities is now considered to be one of the most risky avenues of investment. It is rare to find investors investing their entire savings in a single security. Instead, they tend to invest in a group of securities.Such group of securities is called as PORTFOLIO. Creation of portfolio helps to reduce risk without sacrificing returns. Portfolio management deals with the analysis of individual securities as well as with the theory & practice of optimally combining securities into portfolios. The modern theory is of the view that by diversification, risk can be reduced. The investor can make diversification either by having a large number of shares of companies in different regions, in differ ent industries or those producing different types of product lines. Modern theory believes in the perspective of combinations of securities under constraints of risk and return.PORTFOLIO REVISION The portfolio which is once selected has to be continuously reviewed over a period of time and then revised depending on the objectives of the investor. The care taken in construction of portfolio should be extended to the review and revision of the portfolio. Fluctuations that occur in the equity prices cause substantial gain or loss to the investors. The investor should have competence and skill in the revision of the portfolio. The portfolio management process needs frequent changes in the composition of stocks and bonds. In securities, the type of securities to be held should be revised according to the portfolio policy.An investor purchases stock according to his objectives and return risk framework. The prices of stock that he purchases fluctuate, each stock having its own cycle of fl uctuations. These price fluctuations may be related to economic activity in a country or due to other changed circumstances in the market. If an investor is able to forecast these changes by developing a framework for the future through careful analysis of the behavior and movement of stock prices is in a position to make higher profit than if he was to simply buy securities and hold them through the process of diversification. automatonlike methods are adopted to earn better profit through proper timing.The investor uses formula plans to help him in making decisions for the future by exploiting the fluctuations in prices. PASSIVE MANAGEMENT supine management is a process of holding a well diversified portfolio for a long term with the buy and hold approach. Passive management refers to the investors attempt to construct a portfolio that resembles the overall market returns. The simplest form of passive management is holding the world power fund that is designed to replicate a go od and well defined index of the common stock such as BSE-sensex or NSE-Nifty. ACTIVE MANAGEMENT Active management is holding securities based on gthe forecast about the future.The portfolio managers who pursue active strategy with respect to market components are called market timers. The portfolio managers vary their cash position or beta of the equity portion of the portfolio based on the market forecast. The managers may indulge in group rotations. here, the group rotation means changing the investment in different industries stocks depending on the assessed expectations regarding their future performance. FORMULA PLANS The formula plans provide the basic rules and regulations for the purchase and sale of securities. The amount to be spent on the different types of securities is fixed. The amount may be fixed either in constant or variable ratio. This depends on the investors attitude towards risk and return.The usually used formula plans are i. Average Rupee Plan ii. unvaryi ng Rupee Plan iii. Constant Ratio Plan iv. Variable Ratio Plan ADVANTAGES ? Basic rules and regulations for the purchase and sale of securities are provided. ? The rules and regulations are rigid and help to overcome human emotion. ? The investor can earn higher profits by adopting the plans. ? A course of action is formulated according to the investors objectives. ? It controls the buying and selling of securities by the investor. ? It is useful for taking decisions on the timing of investments. DISADVANTAGES ? The formula plan does not help the selection of the security.The selection of the security has to be done either on the basis of the fundamental or technical analysis. ? It is strict and not bendable with the inherent problem of adjustment. ? The formula plans should be applied for long periods, otherwise the transaction cost may be high. ? Even if the investor adopts the formula plan, he needs forecasting. Market forecasting helps him to identify the best stocks. CHAPTER-3 COMPANY PROFILE SHAREKHAN LTD Sharekhan Ltd. is one of the leading retail stock broking house of SSKI Group which is running successfully since 1922 in the country. It is the retail broking arm of the Mumbai-based SSKI Group, which has over eight decades of experience in the stock broking business.Sharekhan offers its customers a wide range of equity related services including trade execution on BSE, NSE, Derivatives, depository services, online trading, investment advice etc. The firms online trading and investment site www. sharekhan. com- was launched on Feb 8, 2000. The site gives access to superior content and transaction facility to retail customers across the country. Known for its jargon-free, investor friendly language and high quality research, the site has a registered base of over one lakh customers. The content- well-situated and research oriented portal has stood out among its contemporaries because of its steadfast dedication to offering customers best-of-breed tech nology and superior market information.The objective has been to let customers make informed decisions and to simplify the process of investing in stocks. On April 17, 2002 Sharekhan launched Speed Trade, a net-based executable application that emulates the broker terminals along with host of other information relevant to the mean solar day Traders. This was for the first time that a net-based trading postal service of this caliber was offered to the traders. In the last six months Speed Trade has become a de facto standard for the Day Trading community over the net. Sharekhans ground network includes over 640 centers in 280 cities in India which provide a host of trading related services. Sharekhan has always believed in investing in technology to build its business.The company has used some of the best-known names in the IT industry, like SunMicrosystems,Oracle,Microsoft,CambridgeTechnologies,Nex genix, Vignette, Verisign Financial Technologies India Ltd, bird of passage Softwa re Pvt Ltd. To build its trading engine and content. The Morakhiya family holds a majority stake in the company. HSBC, Intel &Carlyle are the other investors. With a legacy of more than 80 years in the stock markets, the SSKI groupventuredintoinstitutionalbrokingandcorporatefinance18yearsago. PresentlySSKIisoneoftheleadingplayersininstitutionalbrokingandcorporate finance activities. SSKI holds a sizeable portion of the market in each of these segments.SSKIs institutional broking arm accountsfo7%ofthemarketforForeigninstitutionalportfolioinvestmentand5%ofallDomesticInstitutionalportfolioinvestmentinthecountry. Ithas60institutionalclientsspreadoverIndia,FarEast,UKandUS. ForeignInstitutional Investors generate about 65% of the organizations revenue, with a fooling turnover of over US$ 2 million. The bodied Finance section has a listof very prestigious clients and has many firsts to its credit, in terms of the size of deal, sector tapped etc. The group has placed over US$ 1 billion in private equity deals. PROFILE OF THE COMPANY Name of the company Sharekhan ltd.Year of Establishment 1925 Headquarter ShareKhan SSKI A-206 Phoenix House Phoenix Mills coalesce Lower Parel, Mumbai Maharashtra, INDIA- 400013 Nature of Business Service Provider Services Depository Services, Online Services and Technical explore. get of Employees Over 3500 Website www. sharekhan. com Slogan Your guide to the financial jungle Vision To be the bestretail brokering distinguish in the retail business of stock market. MissionTo educate and empower the individual investor to make better investmentdecisions through quality advice andsuperior service Sharekhan is infact Among the top 3 branded retail service providers No. 1 player in online business Largest network of branded broking outlets in the country serving more than7, 00,000 clients Sharekhans management team is one of the strongest in the sector and has positioned Sharekhan to take advantage of the growing consumer dem and for financial services products in India through investments in research, pan-Indian branch network and an outstanding technology platform. Further, Sharekhans lineage and relationship with SSKI Group provide it a unique position to understand and leverage the growth of the financial services sector.SSKI Corporate Finance Private Limited (SSKI) is a leading India-based investment bank with strong research-driven focus. Their team members are widely respected for their commitment to transactions and their specialized knowledge in their areas of strength ITA CORE go ARE ? Equities, and Derivatives trading on the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (NSE), and Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd. (BSE), ? Commodities trading on National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange India(NCDEX) and Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (MCX), ? Depository services, ? Online trading services, ? IPO Services, ? Dial-n-Trade ? Portfolio management services, rudimentary and Technical Research services, ? In addition to this they also provide advisory services anddistributions formutual funds. ? Sharekhan ValueLine (a monthly publication withreviews of recommendations,stocks to watch out for etc. ) ? Daily research reports and market review (High Noon &eagle Eye) ? Pre-market Report ? Daily trading calls based on Technical Analysis ? Cool trading products (Daring Derivatives and Market Strategy) REASONS TO CHOOSE SHAREKHAN ? Experience SSKI has more than eight decades of trust and credibility in the Indian Stock Market. In the Asia Money Brokers Poll held recently, SSKI won the Indias Best broking house for 2004 award.Ever since it launched Sharekhan as its retail broking division in February in 2000, it has been providing institutional-level research and broking services to individual investors. ? Technology With their Online Trading account one can buy and sell shares in an instant from any PC with an internet connection. Customers get access to the powerful online trading tool s that will help them to take complete control over their investments in shares. ? availableness Sharekhan provides Advice, Education, Tools and Education services for investors. These services are accessible through many centers across the country (over 650 locations in 150 cities), over the internet (through the website www. sharekhan. ltd) as well as over the voice tool. ? KnowledgeIn a business where the right information at the right time can translate into direct profits investors get access to a wide range of information on the content rich portal www. sharekhan. com. Investors will also get a useful set of knowledge-based tools that will empower them to take informed decisions ? Convenience One can call Sharekhans Dial-N-Trade number to get investment advice and commit his/her transactions. They have a dedicated call-center to provide this service via a Toll Free Number 1800 22-7500 & 39707500 from anywhere in India. ? Customer Service Its customer service team assist thei r customer for any help that they need relating to transactions, billing, demat and other queries.Their customer service can be contacted via a toll-free number, email or live chat on www. sharekhan. com. ? Investment Advice Sharekhan has dedicated research teams of more than 30 people for fundamental and technical research. Their analysts constantly track the pulse of the market and provide timelyinvestment advice to customer in the form of daily research emails, online chat, printed reports etc. SHAREKHAN LIMITEDS MANAGEMENT TEAM DineshMurikya Ownerofthecompany TarunShah CEOofthecompany ShankarVailaya Director(Operations) JaideepArora Director(Products&Technology) PathikGandotra HeadofResearch RishiKohli VicePresidentofEquityDerivatives NikhilVora VicePresidentofResearch BENEFITS Free Depository A/c Instant Cash Transfer Multiple depository financial institution Option. tell Order by Voice Tool Dial-n-Trade. Automated Portfolio to keep track of the value of you r actual purchases. 24*7 Voice Tool access to your trading account. face-to-faceized Price and Account Alerts delivered instantly to your prompt phone Live chat facility with Relationship manager on Yahoo Messenger. Special Personal inbox for order and trade proofs. On-line customer service via web chat. Enjoy automated Portfolio. Buy or sell even single share. Anytime ordering. Sharekhan provides 4 in 1 account *Demat a/c *Bank a/c for fund transfer *Dial and Trade for query relating trading *Trading a/c for cash calculation DEMAT ACCOUNT Sharekhanisadepositoryparticipant. Thismeansthatwecankeepthesharesin dematerialized forminSharekhan. Butforthisonehastothedemataccountin Sharekhan. Dematerialization is the process by which a client can get physical certificates converted into electronic balances maintained in his account with the DP. In Sharekhan, under demat account there are two types of terminals Classic and Trade Tiger. ACCOUNT OPENINGOpening a DP account with Share khan-One can open a Depository Participant (DP) account, either through a Sharekhan branch or through a Sharekhan Franchisee center. There is no fee for opening DP accounts with Sharekhan. just a nominal deposit (refundable) is charged towards services which will be adjusted against all future billings. All investors have to submit their proof of identity and proof of address along with theprescribed account opening form. CLASSICAL ACCOUNT This is a user friendly product which allow the client to trade through website www. sharekhan. com and is suitable for all the retial investors who is risk averse and hence prefers to invest in stocks or who does not trade too frequently Features Online trading account for investing in equity and derivatives via www. sharekhan. com Live perch and Single terminal for NSE Cash, NSE F&O & BSE. Integration of On-line trading, Saving Bank and Demat Account. Instant cash transfer facility against purchase & sale of shares. Competitive transaction charges. Instant order and trade confirmation by E-mail. Streaming Quotes (Cash & Derivatives). Personalized market watch. Single screen interface for Cash and derivatives and more. Provision to enter price trigger and view the same online in market watch. SPEEDTRADE SPEEDTRADE is an internet-based software application that enables you to buy and sell inan instant.